Science The 3D Printed Human Thread

Soheil_Esy

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Overview

Sohae, 21 December 2015

This thread was started with the unnoticed report of a modest 3D bioprinting of a mouse's small thyroid gland, itself an evolution from Takanori Takebe's team research on human stem cells.

Like the obscure discovery of the black powder back in the circa 9th century in East Asia. Unlocking some eleven centuries latter, a new Era for the Humankind, the Space Age.

It is not too difficult to understand that this 3D bioprinting Era might be as revolutionizing or even more. 3D bioprinting just suddenly made the nascent totally immature and grotesque "clowning tech" industries obsolete!:rofl:

  • New Space Age colonization era finally unlocked

    Of special interest here for all orbinauts, as this decisively allows to overcome a near century old bottleneck in space conquest, human settlement beyond Earth LEO.

    Sending first a wave of unmanned spacecrafts to Venus, thus being immune to space radiations. Digging an underground base with the robotic bulldozers, and others engineering-robots onboard the landers. When the new base is completed and 3D bioprinters powered, it would be possible to populate it with the use of 3D bioprinted human settlers. And voila!

    Note: Not feasible for the Moon or Mars, due to the low level of gravity which would be a danger for the human health.

  • Augmented Humans

    Other possibilities unlocked: 3D bioprinting of more processing power organs and more RAM for the neocortex, but interface connection problems must first be solved.

    Various sensory organs could be adapted to humans to expand the range of perceptions such as IR-UV band visions, polarized light vision, infrasound and ultrasound hearing, magnetic and electric fields sensing, various molecular detections, vibrations detectors, pressure detections, etc..


    :tiphat:
S☫heil_Esy
 
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jroly

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I really like the picture of the scientists, they are ordinary looking people and they look very impressive in the photo shoot.
 

Soheil_Esy

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Part 2

3D bioprinting of tissues and organs

05 August 2014

Additive manufacturing, otherwise known as three-dimensional (3D) printing, is driving major innovations in many areas, such as engineering, manufacturing, art, education and medicine. Recent advances have enabled 3D printing of biocompatible materials, cells and supporting components into complex 3D functional living tissues. 3D bioprinting is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. Compared with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting involves additional complexities, such as the choice of materials, cell types, growth and differentiation factors, and technical challenges related to the sensitivities of living cells and the construction of tissues. Addressing these complexities requires the integration of technologies from the fields of engineering, biomaterials science, cell biology, physics and medicine. 3D bioprinting has already been used for the generation and transplantation of several tissues, including multilayered skin, bone, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures. Other applications include developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology.

A typical process for bioprinting 3D tissues.

nbt.2958-F1.jpg

Imaging of the damaged tissue and its environment can be used to guide the design of bioprinted tissues. Biomimicry, tissue self-assembly and mini-tissue building blocks are design approaches used singly and in combination. The choice of materials and cell source is essential and specific to the tissue form and function. Common materials include synthetic or natural polymers and decellularized ECM. Cell sources may be allogeneic or autologous. These components have to integrate with bioprinting systems such as inkjet, microextrusion or laser-assisted printers. Some tissues may require a period of maturation in a bioreactor before transplantation. Alternatively the 3D tissue may be used for in vitro applications. Self-assembly image is reprinted from Mironov, V. et al. Organ printing: tissue spheroids as building blocks.

http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n8/fig_tab/nbt.2958_F1.html


Components of inkjet, microextrusion and laser-assisted bioprinters.

nbt.2958-F2.jpg


(a) Thermal inkjet printers electrically heat the printhead to produce air-pressure pulses that force droplets from the nozzle, whereas acoustic printers use pulses formed by piezoelectric or ultrasound pressure. (b) Microextrusion printers use pneumatic or mechanical (piston or screw) dispensing systems to extrude continuous beads of material and/or cells. (c) Laser-assisted printers use lasers focused on an absorbing substrate to generate pressures that propel cell-containing materials onto a collector substrate. Figure adapted from ref. 146.

http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n8/fig_tab/nbt.2958_F2.html

Examples of human-scale bioprinted tissues.

nbt.2958-F3.jpg


Skin (unpublished; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine) and cartilage73 substitutes developed using inkjet bioprinting systems, capable of fabricating tissues either in vitro or in situ. A vascular graft construct manufactured using microextruded and fused cellular vascular rods89 and a microextrusion-bioprinted aortic valve fabricated with dual cell types, aortic root sinus smooth muscle cells and aortic valve leaflet interstitial cells93. A laser bioprinted bioresorbable airway splint11 and an early stage kidney prototype, manufactured using microextrusion bioprinting (unpublished; Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine). All of these bioprinted tissues required integration of multiple components for the fabrication of functional, appropriately sized tissue constructs.

http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n8/fig_tab/nbt.2958_F3.html

Timeframe for the development of various types of 3D bioprinted tissues.

nbt.2958-F4.jpg


There are four main types of tissues that can be ranked from simple to complex; 2D tissues, such as skin; hollow tubes, such as blood vessels; hollow nontubular organs, such as the bladder; and solid organs, such as the kidney. As the complexity of tissues increases, new approaches will be needed to overcome the challenges of creating them by bioprinting. 2D organs have already been fabricated and tested, and these will likely be one of the first types of bioprinted tissues to be transplanted in patients. Hollow tubes, including blood vessels, tracheas and urethras are currently in development and are likely to closely follow 2D tissues in clinical application. Hollow organs are more complex and may take longer to develop. Solid organs are the most complex, and there are still many challenges to overcome, especially in achieving vascularization and innervation.

http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n8/fig_tab/nbt.2958_F4.html

http://www.nature.com/nbt/journal/v32/n8/full/nbt.2958.html
 
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kamaz

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I really like the picture of the scientists, they are ordinary looking people and they look very impressive in the photo shoot.

Uhhhhh. Scientists are normal(-ish) people. That's our best kept secret :lol:

I can tell who is doing which job just by looking at the photo though :tiphat: The pecking order is clearly visible. :lol:
 

Soheil_Esy

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Part 3

Rudimentary liver grown in vitro

20 June 2012

Japanese scientists have used induced stem cells to create a liver-like tissue in a dish.

Although they have yet to publish their results and much work remains to be done, the achievement could have big clinical implications. If the results bear out, they would also constitute a significant advance in the ability to coax stem cells to self-organize into organs.

onlineF0040839-Pluripotent_stem_cell%2C_SEM-SPL.jpg

Induced pluripotent stem cells could be a useful source of human organs such as livers.

The work was presented by Takanori Takebe, a stem-cell biologist at Yokohama City University in Japan, at the annual meeting of the International Society for Stem Cell Research in Yokohama last week. “It blew my mind,” said George Daley, director of the stem-cell transplantation programme at the Boston Children’s Hospital in Massachusetts, who chaired the session.

“It sounds like a genuine advance,” says Stuart Forbes, who studies liver regeneration at the University of Edinburgh, UK. Forbes, who also works as a consultant for Scotland’s liver-transplantation unit, says that the advance could one day help to avoid the “bleak outcome” currently experienced by the many patients who don’t survive long enough to get a new liver.

But the liver described by Takebe has a long way to go before that. Takebe told how his team grew the organ using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS), created by reprogramming human skin cells to an embryo-like state. The researchers placed the cells on growth plates in a specially designed medium; after nine days, analysis showed that they contained a biochemical marker of maturing liver cells, called hepatocytes.

At that key point, Takebe added two more types of cell known to help to recreate organ-like function in animals: endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, taken from an umbilical cord; and mesenchymal cells, which can differentiate into bone, cartilage or fat, taken from bone marrow. Two days later, the cells assembled into a 5-millimetre-long, three-dimensional tissue that the researchers labelled a liver bud — an early stage of liver development.

Under development

The tissue lacks bile ducts, and the hepatocytes do not form neat plates as they do in a real liver. In that sense, while it does to some degree recapitulate embryonic growth, it does not match the process as faithfully as the optic cup recently reported by another Japanese researcher. But the tissue does have blood vessels that proved functional when it was transplanted under the skin of a mouse. Genetic tests show that the tissue expresses many of the genes expressed in real liver. And, when transferred to the mouse, the tissue was able to metabolize some drugs that human livers metabolize but mouse livers normally cannot. The team claims that its work is “the first report demonstrating the creation of a human functional organ with vascular networks from pluripotent stem cells”.

Takebe says the success depended on properly timing the addition of the other two cell types. “It took over a year and hundreds of trials,” says Takebe.

The team says that the tissue's three dimensions will give it advantages over simple cell-replacement therapies. It could be used for long-term replacement or short-term graft while the recipient waits for a suitable liver donor, or in cases in which doctors anticipate that the native liver will eventually regain its function. But such applications would require extensive development, including making sure that the tissue contains the proper arrangement of lobules.

It won’t be easy, says Forbes. To treat the commonest reason for liver transplants, chronic liver disease, the cells would have to be stable, potentially for many years, in the patient. But it is not clear whether that would be possible, especially considering that they would be exposed to many toxins and pathogens. Furthermore, the organ would need to stay the right size, without atrophying or developing cancerous growth. “Any deviation from the mature phenotype could be catastrophic for the graft,” says Forbes.

A niche in the market

Other researchers have developed competing technologies using scaffolds to build three-dimensional liver-like structures. Sangeeta Bhatia, a bioengineer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, for example, has produced a scaffold-based graft1 that doesn’t try to recapitulate development but has proved to be functional and transplantable in mice. Bhatia is now working on increasing the number of hepatocytes present on the two-centimetre graft, to ensure that it is useful in the clinic. "One billion cells is the next frontier," she says.

In the meantime, Takebe and the rest of the team, led by Hideki Taniguchi, also a stem-cell biologist at Yokohama City University — who are collaborating on the project with researchers at Sekisui Medical, a biotechnology firm based in Tokyo — hope that his liver bud could be useful for toxicity testing in drug screening, for which bile ducts are not needed. Many conventional hepatocyte cells that are transplanted to mice for in vivo testing last for only two or three days, but the drug and its various metabolites might take weeks to metabolize, so toxic effects might not be apparent in such testing. Takebe says his graft has the necessary staying power.

Many researchers are already growing hepatocyte-like cells: Bhatia, for example, has already commercialized a device that uses bioengineered cells for drug testing2. However, Takebe’s liver bud has the advantage of being grown from iPS cells, rather than, for example, the primary human hepatocytes used in Bhatia's graft, which could make it useful in modelling rare diseases or examining the specific genetic backgrounds of the iPS cell donors.

Markus Grompe, who studies liver disease at the Oregon Health and Science University in Portland, says that Takebe's team is "on the right track”. Still, he says, the liver cells need to function much more efficiently than they do at present. On the basis of a cursory inspection of Takebe's data presented at the meeting, Grompe says that the liver bud was producing only a small fraction of the albumin — a plasma protein that is a key marker of liver function — that it should. But Takebe says that since his group generated the data presented at the Yokohama meeting, procedural improvements have already led to higher levels of albumin.

The next step for the team is to try to make the liver bud more liver-like, by including structures such as bile ducts.

http://www.nature.com/news/rudimentary-liver-grown-in-vitro-1.10848

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Miniature human liver grown in mice

03 July 2013

Cells self-organize and grow into functional organs after transplantation.

Transplanting tiny 'liver buds' constructed from human stem cells restores liver function in mice, researchers have found. Although preliminary, the results offer a potential path towards developing treatments for the thousands of patients awaiting liver transplants every year.

The liver buds, approximately 4 mm across, staved off death in mice with liver failure, the researchers report this week in Nature1. The transplanted structures also took on a range of liver functions — secreting liver-specific proteins and producing human-specific metabolites. But perhaps most notably, these buds quickly hooked up with nearby blood vessels and continued to grow after transplantation.

The results are preliminary but promising, says Valerie Gouon-Evans, who studies liver development and regeneration at Mount Sinai Hospital in New York. “This is a very novel thing,” she says. Because the liver buds are supported by the host’s blood system, transplanted cells can continue to proliferate and perform liver functions.

However, she says, the transplanted animals need to be observed for several more months to see whether the cells begin to degenerate or form tumours.

There is a dire scarcity of human livers for transplant. In 2011, 5,805 adult liver transplants were done in the United States. That same year, 2,938 people died waiting for new livers or became too sick to remain on waiting lists.

However, attempts to create complex organs in the laboratory have been challenging. Takanori Takebe, a stem-cell biologist at Yokohama City University in Japan who co-led the study, believes this is the first time that people have made a solid organ using induced pluripotent stem cells, which are created by reprogramming mature skin cells to an embryo-like state.

Testing whether liver buds could help sick patients is years away, says Takebe. Apart from the need for longer-term experiments in animals, it is not yet possible to make liver buds in quantities sufficient for human transplantation.

In the current work, Takebe transplanted buds surgically at sites in the cranium or the abdomen. In future work, Takebe hopes to create liver buds small enough to be delivered intravenously in mice and, eventually, in humans. He also hopes to transplant the buds to the liver itself, where he hopes they will form bile ducts, which are important for proper digestion and were not observed in the latest study.

Self-organizing structures

The researchers make the liver buds from three types of human cells. First, they coax induced pluripotent stem cells into a cell type that expresses liver genes. Then they add endothelial cells (which line blood vessels) from umbilical cord blood, and mesenchymal stem cells, which can make bone, cartilage and fat. These cell types also come together as the liver begins to form in the developing embryo.

“It’s a great day for developmental biology,” says Kenneth Zaret, who studies regenerative medicine and liver development at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia. “By reconstituting cell interactions that we know are important for natural liver progression, they get what appears to be robust, mature tissue.”

The project began with an unexpected phenomenon, says Takebe. Hoping to find ways of to make vascularized liver tissues, he tried culturing multiple cell types together and noticed that they began to self-organize into three-dimensional structures. From there, the process for making liver buds took hundreds of trials to tweak parameters such as the maturity and ratios of cells.

Other organs

This strategy takes a middle path between two common strategies in regenerative medicine. For simple, hollow organs such as the bladder and trachea, researchers seed scaffolds with living cells and then transplant the entire organ into patients. Researchers have also worked to create pure cultures of functional cells in the laboratory, hoping that cells could be infused into patients, where they would establish themselves. But even if the cells work perfectly in the laboratory, says Gouon-Evans, the process of harvesting cells can damage them and destroy their function.

Zaret thinks that the liver buds work might encourage an intermediate approach. “Basically, put the cells in a room together and let them talk to each other and make the organ.”

Self-organizing structures from stem cells have also been observed for other organ systems, such as the optic cup, an early structure in eye development2. And 'mini-guts' have been grown in culture from single human stem cells3.

Takebe believes that the self-organizing approach might also be applicable to other organs, such as lung, pancreas and kidney.

http://www.nature.com/news/miniature-human-liver-grown-in-mice-1.13324

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Russian scientists planning the first 3D-printed organ transplant on mice

April 27, 2015

Russian scientists are planning the first 3D-printed organ transplant on mice. Humans could be next.

Russia's 3D Bioprinting Solutions laboratory, the first facility to successfully print a mouse's thyroid gland, is getting ready to transplant artificial organs to living mice. If successful, the experiment could pave the way for the production of 3D-printed human glands.

Back in March 2015 Moscow-based 3D Bioprinting Solutions lab (founded in 2013) became the first such facility to successfully bioprint a thyroid gland – or, to quote the scientists themselves, a "construct" of the organ. Now the researchers are preparing the transplant of several of these glands into living mice. The results of the experiment will be made public in July 2015 at the Second International Congress on Bioprinting in Singapore. The head researcher Vladimir Mironov told RBTH that he is expecting positive results.

Scientists claim they are ready to start the 3D printing of human thyroid glands. All they need for the first batch are follicular cells, which are responsible for the production and secretion of thyroid hormones.

f5848050-4717-463c-98df-9b92b46496d4__20140909invitro3dbiofamilyphoto97609.jpg

Researchers of the 3D Printing Solutions Lab, Moscow, Russia

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 665 million people in the world are affected by thyroid disorders. In Russia, about 140,000 people suffer from various types of thyroid disease and each year 10,000 Russian citizens have to undergo a thyroidectomy, or the surgical removal of the gland.

Thyroid dysfunction caused by cancer cannot be treated with pharmacological therapy. Not even a donor organ transplantation can help in this case, says Andrey Polyakov, the head of the microsurgery department at the Moscow Oncology Research Institute. "The reason for this is that the patients who receive organ transplants have to undergo immunosuppression therapy that can in turn speed up the development of cancer cells," Polyakov explains. According to him, the transplantation of 3D printed organs and tissues can be conducted without immunosuppression.

It should come as no surprise that a 3D printed gland does not fit in the conventional biological hierarchy. The existing system recognizes only molecules, tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms. The object printed at 3D Bioprinting Solutions is therefore unclassifiable.

"A tissue is a group of cells of the same kind," says Mironov. "An organ is a group of tissues. The construct we created is closer to an organ, as it consists of several types of tissues, has blood vessels and can function at the level of an organism."

The scientists chose a thyroid gland as this organ is relatively simple, making it an uncomplicated subject for research work. Besides, it was the first organ transplanted from one human being to another.

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Alexander Mitryashkin, engineer, 3D Bioprinting Solutions

The researchers at 3D Bioprinting Solutions took the existing technology of 3D printing currently used to work with diverse materials like plastic, ceramics and metal, and adapted it to work with living cells. The process itself is called 'layer-by-layer production'.

Bioprinting looks like this: at first, the printer sprays a thin layer of gel made of fibrin, a protein involved in the clotting of blood. Embedded in the gel are microscopic spheres consisting of tissue, which subsequently form a three-dimensional structure.

Video


Mironov came up with the idea of bioprinting when he discovered that separate ring moieties in a chicken embryo's heart was able to merge to form a tube. He understood that it was possible to form living tissues out of separate cells and groups of cells.

The original bioprinter created by 3D Printing Solutions consists of three basic elements: a mechanical positioning device, a dispenser and a central processing unit (CPU). Essentially, a bioprinter is a simple robot that can move in three directions. It is equipped with an automated syringe that can dispense either fibrin gel or tissue spheroids.

There are, of course, other companies in the world aiming to commercialize 3D bioprinting technology, such as Organovo in the United States, Cyfuse in Japan and Regenhu in Switzerland. The technology offered by 3D Bioprinting Solutions is unique because aside from the cell-based gel, the Russian lab uses the tissue spheroids mentioned above as "building blocks."

"Last year we filed a patent for our bioprinter design and for the methods of printing we invented," Mironov told RBTH.

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The original bioprinter created by 3D Printing Solutions

The printed "organ constructs" will soon be transplanted to mice. The procedure will be no different than a regular organ transplant. The mice used in the experiment have already been subjected to a treatment of radioactive iodine that shut down their thyroid glands, causing hormone deficiency.

Scientists will monitor the mice over the course of a month to determine if their thyroid glands are no longer functioning. "We will review the levels of thyroxine that are supposed to go down significantly because of the suppression of thyroid activity," reports Elena Bulanova of 3D Printing Solutions.

Video

In late April 2015 the researchers will transplant the printed glands to the mice and will observe them to see if the hormone levels are restored. If they are, this will mean the artificial organs work. It will take a month for the grafts to be integrated completely into the bodies of the mice.

The experiment will involve outbred mice of the so-called CD1 strain. "Those mice have minimal variations in morphology and behavior," says Bulanova. "Twelve animals will be used in total; six of them will form the control group, which will not receive the transplant, and the other six will get the grafts."

"We are certain that the gland is functional," says Mironov. "In fact, we are mostly concerned by the perspective of the graft hyperactivity, which can cause hyperthyroidism." According to Mironov, the laboratory conducted all necessary theoretical calculations and morphometric studies before beginning the experiment.

The printed organ constructs are already widely used by pharmaceutical companies for toxicological studies, says Youssef Hesuani, the executive director of 3D Printing Solutions. For instance, California-based Organovo cooperated with the international healthcare company F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG to test an unnamed medication. "We know that while the drug showed no toxicity during the tests involving a monolayer of cells, the experiments on a 3D liver construct provided the opposite results," Hesouani told RBTH.


Which organs do you expect to be printed in the next two or three years?

V.M.: Thyroid glands, blood vessels, skin and hair, as well as cartilage, bone and adipose tissue. Some organs from this list have in fact already been printed.

By your estimates, a printed organ will cost between 200,000 and 250,000 dollars. Does this mean that only the wealthy will be able to afford them?

V.M.: The history of technological progress shows that once a hi-tech product enters mass production by automated means and starts to be widely used on the market, it becomes tens, scratch that, thousands of times cheaper. So there is no doubt that 3D printed organs will become more affordable with time.

Do you expect foreign clients?

V.M.: Yes, our product is capable of entering the global market. In China alone there are 1.5 million people in need of an organ transplant.

Do you think Russia will be able to create an infrastructure for printed organ transplantation?

V.M.: It is possible, yes. But the government will need to cooperate with private businesses. This will require millions of dollars of investment, but will in time allow the healthcare system to save a lot of money on the treatment of patients. Besides, a country that does not invest in the development of such technologies today will later have to buy it from others, which will be much more expensive.

Short history of bioprinting

2013

In 2013 a team led by Takanori Takebe, a stem-cell biologist at Yokohama City University in Japan, successfully transplanted tiny "liver buds" constructed from human stem cells to mice. The scientists have promised to create a fully functional human liver by 2019.

2014

In 2014 Sabine Costagliola, a researcher at the Free University of Brussels, regenerated thyroid tissue using the embryonic stem cells of mice. The tissue was later transplanted to a mouse and started producing thyroxine. Dr. Terry Davies, an endocrinologist from New York City, has recently managed to do the same – regenerate thyroid tissue – with human embryonic stem cells.

2015

Researchers at 3D Printing Solutions are currently waiting for the results of research involving the regeneration of thyroid tissue from induced pluripotent stem cells – i.e. adult cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem-cell state.

http://rbth.com/longreads/bioprint/index.html

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Russian scientists successfully implant the first 3D-printed thyroid gland

November 2, 2015

A Russian company announced a successful experiment implanting 3D-printed thyroid glands into mice, and the results will be published next week, said Dmitri Fadin, development director at 3D Printing Solutions.

"We had some difficulties during the study, but in the end the thyroid gland turned out to be functional," Mr. Fadin told RBTH.

3D Bioprinting Solutions printed the thyroid gland - or to be exact, the gland's organ construct - in March of this year. At that time, scientific laboratories were saying that they will start printing human thyroid glands if the experiment is successful.

3D Bioprinting Solutions uses existing 3D print technology that makes items from plastic, ceramic and metals, but it had to make adaptations for biological material, that is, for cells. Before transplanting the artificial gland, scientists "carved out" a thyroid in the mice using radioactive iodine.

Vladimir Mironov founded 3D Bioprinting Solutions in 2013. He a tissue engineer, and co-founder of two startups in the U.S., Cardiovascular Tissue Technology, and Cuspis.

http://rbth.com/science_and_tech/20...ant-the-first-3d-printed-thyroid-gland_536205

Russia's revolution in medicine – plans to 3D print a human thyroid

December 18, 2015

Vladimir Mironov, head of 3D Bioprinting Solutions, said his laboratory is ready to start printing a human thyroid gland after a successful experiment on mice. The next organ will be the kidney.

The Moscow-based laboratory, 3D Bioprinting Solutions, announced on Dec. 17 that it has completed a unique experiment to 3D print a mouse's thyroid “organ construct.” The 3D printed thyroid gland was not rejected by the mouse's body, and is functioning.

The company will soon print human organs – first a thyroid gland, and then a kidney. Exact dates have not been disclosed.

“The laboratory’s plans include the publication of an article on the results of the experiment in major scientific journals, and the transition to the next stage of work – the bioprinting of a human thyroid,” said Vladimir Mironov, chief scientific officer at 3D Bioprinting Solutions. “Once this is done, we plan to focus our efforts on developing the bioprinting technology for a kidney. There is much concern today over the lack of human kidneys for transplantation.”

Earlier this year, on March 15, 3D Bioprinting Solutions printed a mouse’s thyroid organ construct on Russia’s first bioprinter, FABION. During the experiment, which lasted several months, the printed constructs were accepted and proved their viability. That experiment’s results were first presented to the international scientific community on Nov. 8 at the International Conference on Biofabrication in Utrecht, Netherlands.

http://rbth.com/science_and_tech/20...cine-plans-to-3d-print-a-human-thyroid_552525

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Chinese Company Releases World's First 3D Blood Vessel Bio-printer

Oct 25, 2015

Revotek, a company based in Chengdu, capital of southwest China's Sichuan Province, released the world's first 3D blood vessel bio-printer on Sunday.

With two nozzles working alternatively, the bio-printer can finish a 10-centimeter blood vessel within two minutes.

"The core of the printer is the BioBrick, in which there are stem cells. Given certain environment and conditions, it (the stem cell) can, according to our requirements, differentiate into the cells we need," said Kang Yujian, chief scientist at Revotek.

The BioBrick refers to a stem cell producing system with biomimetic function. As for 3D blood vessel bio-printing, the major difference setting it apart from other 3D printings is that it has to keep the stem cells active during the process.

"The achievement (of making the 3D blood vessel bio-printer) is not just about printing one blood vessel, but finding the method of sustaining vascular cells and other active substances. The method is useful in blood vessel printing, and in the printings of livers, kidneys and other organs," said Dai Kerong, a academician at the Chinese Academy of Engineering.

Dai added that although the breakthrough has a lot of potentials, there can be a long time before it can be applied to human medical care.


http://news.cctvplus.tv/NewJsp/news.jsp?fileId=323244
 
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World's first 3-D-printed blood vessel successfully functions in monkey's body

December 13, 2016

Kang Yujian, chief scientist and CEO of Chinese biotech company Revotek, recently announced a breakthrough in China's 3-D-printed blood vessel project. According to the announcement, the team has successfully transplanted 3-D-printed blood vessels into rhesus monkeys, and the vessels have achieved regeneration, the People's Daily Overseas Edition reported on Dec. 13.

Produced by a 3-D bio-printer with the company's own stem cell bio-ink technology, the blood vessels have been integrated into the monkeys' abdominal aortas. The structure and biological functions of the printed vessels are the same as those of real blood vessels.

According to Kang, Revotek has transplanted 3-D-printed vessels into 30 rhesus monkeys, and all the monkeys survived. The technology has yielded a method to achieve the endothelialization of artificial blood vessels, and will benefit about 1.8 billion patients with cardiovascular disease. The stem cell technology breakthrough will lead human beings into a new medical era featuring tissue manufacturing and organ repair.

Revotek signed a technology development contract with West China Hospital in May of this year, officially starting the blood vessel experiment. Researchers made bio-ink from the rhesus monkeys' own stem cells, and replaced a portion of their abdominal aortas with the 3-D-printed artificial blood vessels.


http://en.people.cn/n3/2016/1213/c90000-9154263.html

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The 3-D-printed blood vessel

[ame="http://twitter.com/PDChina/status/808596121018712064"]People's Daily,China on Twitter: "#China's 3D printed blood vessel project becomes world's first to successfully integrate blood vessels into monkeys https://t.co/LvX8hwsOqq https://t.co/21QP0HkR3c"[/ame]
 

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18
Clinical immortality V1.0b

© A S☫heil presentation; First published 14 MAY 2022; Updated 21 May 2022;

1. Table of Contents

2. Introduction

3. Background Updated 21 MAY 2022

4. Carrier Updated 20 MAY 2022

5. First Soheil's principle challenges

6. Power plant

7. Environment

8. Hollow Moon

9. Molecule bond-making Updated 20 MAY 2022

10. Realtime 3D atomic imager Updated 21 MAY 2022

11. Processing Updated 21 MAY 2022

12. Roadmap

2. Introduction

Latest update on the 3D printed human project.

Spectral 2016 12 is a rare Sci-Fi movie depicting 3D printed human technology. But instead of using normal matter, humans soldiers are printed with Bose-Einstein condensate to give them even greater invincible properties, in war-torn Moldova....

How can a cell made of Bose-Einstein condensate matter even live?

3. Background

18 Apr, 2019

...a popular holiday destination off the southern coast of the Korean peninsula...

With a vertical drop of 23 metres and a width of less than 10 metres, Jeongbang isn’t particularly magnificent as waterfalls go. What I found interesting was the local legend associated with the falls, that a Chinese man named Seo Bok (or Seo Bul) landed here more than 2,000 years ago. Seo Bok was, of course, the legendary Xu Fu, who sailed east from China in search of the elixir of life for the first emperor of the Qin dynasty.

In 219BC, two years after he unified the Chinese nation, the 40-year-old emperor suddenly became acutely aware of his own mortality and wanted an elixir that would stop him from dying. The alchemist Xu Fu told the emperor that immortals living on three sacred mountains located somewhere in the seas to the east of China possessed a potion for eternal life, and requested permission to sail to find these mountains.

There are several versions of Xu Fu’s voyages to the east, but they all agree on certain details. Firstly, that the logistics were immense:the fleet carried several years’ worth of food supplies, clothing, medicine, agricultural implements and seeds, and a few thousand virgin boys and girls. No specific reasons were given for the inclusion of farming materials and young people, but both seem to suggestan intention to found settlements. Secondly, Xu Fu failed to locate the mountains or the elixir at the end of his first voyage and after setting sail for the second time, he never returned to China.

One version tells how Xu Fu reached a land of “flat plains and vast waters” on his second voyage, where the climate was hospitable and the natives affable. Xu Fu decided to stay and made himself king, and, with his sizeable retinue from China, he lived out his days educating the local people on agriculture, fishing, and other trappings of civilisation.

Where this land of “flat plains and vast waters” was remains a mystery. The most popular theory, one that has enjoyed currency since the late 10th century, was that Xu Fu’s fleet reached the Japanese islands. Both Chinese and Japanese sources gave specific details of the colonisation of parts of Japan by the Chinese, who founded states and prominent clans. Xu Fu and his fleet were also credited with bringing about a sudden technological leap in Japanese society, from a hunter-gatherer culture to an Iron Age of relative sophistication. It has even been suggested that Xu Fu (Jofuku in Japanese) was in fact Emperor Jimmu, the first Emperor of Japan. These legends are latter-day ascriptions that are as unreliable as the authenticity of the multiple Xu Fu tombs in Japan.

https://web.archive.org/web/20220521114238/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/short-reads/article/3006551/was-japans-first-emperor-ancient-chinese
https://archive.ph/PAzml


4. Carrier

According to some sources there are about 200 different types of cells in the human body.

To print with a palette of 200 'color inks' made of these 200 different types of cells would nonetheless not be possible because each cells differ in age and size, and worse, many are in the middle of dynamic process such as mitosis (division).

Things get worse as the human body is not limited to human cells but includes a virome, made of 380 trillion viruses, far exceeding the 70 trillion human cells, and also a microbiome containing 100 to 39 trillion microbes.

Therefore one should consider the use of a palette of molecules instead. Again many molecules are in the middle of assembly or disassembly process.

Using a palette of colors made partly at least with atoms is therefore necessary.

Almost 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Only about 0.85% is composed of another five elements: potassium, sulfur, sodium, chlorine, and magnesium.

In total a palette of some 60 different atomic elements would be needed.

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https://archive.ph/eyxjq/152eefcaa0aa86deb96b9284da8587a4cfe837a7.png ; https://archive.ph/eyxjq/b4533f9ac47f8de9215acc8f25551b766359dbd8/scr.png ; https://web.archive.org/web/20220520174005/https://scienceblogs.com/files/startswithabang/files/2016/05/ed_more.png
1. Composition of the human body molecules by atomic elements.

An average cell contains 100 trillion atoms.

And we need 7 x 10^27 atoms for an average human body.

How can we place these atoms, and maintain their positions?

The current state of declassified available technology is limited to optical molecular tweezers.

The caveat with the use of lasers is that one can not maintain several layers of depth required for 3D printing, as photons will be blocked by the line of sight.

Only 2D is possible. The human body contains molecules in all states, solid, liquid, gaseous and ions. How can one position a molecule of gas in a 3D body if the line of sight is blocked?

Moreover, lasers will dissipate tremendous energy, notably thermal, degrading the positioning of the molecules. And we are not even taking into account the quantum effects at this scale.

If the use of photons for the molecular tweezers can not be considered, then which particle could fit the bill?

Google search doesn't provide any answer to this existential question.

Well, maybe neutrino could be used in molecular tweezers. But as of 2022, we are far from being able to produce a beam with an intensity that qualified for a 'laser'.

5. First Soheil's principle challenges

To achieve a true Clinical Immortality, it is necessary to build molecules live inside a human subject. To repair DNA sequences and replace telomeres, without interrupting the whole metabolic processes of the body.

This is why 2D bio printers can never meet these requirements, because it is not as simple as printing a frozen object.

Furthermore, according to the First Soheil's principle, all physiological and neural activities must continue normally during the entire treatment.

6. Power plant

Any beam of neutrino laser should require tremendous electric power. The problem of power plant is therefore a first hurdle. How many nuclear power plants are required to produce a single neutrino laser beam?

7. Environment

Another major hurdle is the environment. Radiations would become a nuisance at this microscopic scale. Therefore, any 3D printer should be constructed deep underground to block all radiations from space and human activities. Additional shielding would be required to block radiations from the rocks such as from radon.

8. Hollow Moon

In short we are looking at something like billions if not trillions of particle accelerators producing the neutrino lasers, each powered by a nuclear power plant, meaning trillions of nuclear plants in total.

The construction should be similar to a hollow sphere, the outer crust made of natural rocks to block all cosmic rays, then a spherical layer of particle accelerators and nuclear power plants, and finally at the center, a hollow place where the human is to be 3D printed.

Seems too far-fetched? Well immortality doesn't come without a price.

Moonfall 2022 12 is a rare Sci-Fi movie depicting a hollow Moon. An artificial megastructure constructed by advanced civilizations.

9. Molecule bond-making

Unlike 2D image printing where aligning dots of colored inks in a 2D matrix will only require the ink to dry to obtain the final image, a 3D molecular printer is not simply limited to aligning atoms in a 3D matrix.

Because the atoms would then scatter or bond together as soon as they are no longer held by the molecular tweezers.

To 'dry the ink' in 3D molecular printing, bond-making between the atoms is required.

One promising tool explored since ~2015 is bond-forming laser pulse 12.

But once again the problem of line of sight will limit this tool to 2D printing.

To deliver intense photon beams inside a 3D object with no direct line of sight, beams of particle decaying in photons must be used.

For instance, the decay of neutral mesons produces high-energy gamma-rays.

These second type of particle accelerators should be built adjacent to the previous spherical layer of neutrino particle accelerators.

10. Realtime 3D atomic imager

An atomic scan of the human subject to be treated would be made prior to the modification and re-editing.

Of course, real-time 3D atomic imaging is necessary during the the whole 3D printing process.

This means a third layer of meson particle accelerators should be built adjacent to the previous 2 spherical layers particle accelerators.

These would be paired at the opposite direction with particle detectors, forming a sphere but with a much smaller radius, near the center of the moon.

11. Processing

To process in real-time the position of 7 x 10^27 atoms, and control all the various particle beams will require the use of large array of exascale supercomputers.

All to be built underground and powered by the many nuclear powerplants.

12. Roadmap

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https://archive.ph/kix1i/0f62d5b6c31be6ed4f343bcf1cc033c6d4189c5f.jpg ; https://archive.ph/kix1i/91d0dfdb3874d4a30f080de0a747cf80fe943af0/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210102190837/https://i.imgur.com/oTkNaDE.jpg
1. Kong: Skull Island (2017): 'The most intelligent inhabitants of that future world won't be men or monkeys. They'll be machines.'

Starting from 2030, by launching 50 CZ-9 reusable VTVL super rockets a year, each carrying 100 cybernetic passengers per rocket flights, 2 flights a day, 100 total flights per rocket before being discarded:

• Per rocket: 100 flights/50 days => 10'000 passengers/50 days
• Per fleet of 50 rockets: 500'000 passenger / years

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1. ▲ Roadmap of China's manned space launcher 2017-2045. By 2045 fully reusable up to 100 times, 99.5% reliable, 12 hours between each flight, vertical take off, horizontal landing.

This means a superpower like China by converting all its industrial capacity to produce 50 reusable heavy VTVL rockets a year would need 500 years to transfer the hypothesized demographic threshold (DT) of about 250 millions robotic subjects (that is the demographic level of the U.S. in 1989, when the nation was about to become the only hyperpower 2 years later), and only to LEO.

And this is only the first and shortest trip. More fleet would be required to shuttle the robotic colonizers from the LEO Space Station to the Lunar Orbit's Station or around another moon, then a third dedicated fleet would ferry the passengers to the lunar or other moon's surface.

Another fleet would carry all the machinery and material needed to develop an industrial base, including gigantic microwave solar power generators constructed around the moon's orbit.

Meanwhile, it would be inaccurate to think that in 100 years, only 50 millions passengers could be sent to LEO, or equivalent of the U.S. demography in the year 1852.

Indeed, it doesn't means that the total population on the targeted moon will be limited to 50 millions robots in 100 years. Because these are only the first generation of workers.

Once the first bases are being settled, then the indigenous production in underground A.I. autonomous factories of newer generation of robots will increase, and exponentially. With the research of indigenous robot scientists, the technological level will even be boosted further, according to the local requirements specific to the moon's ecosystem.

The next step would be to start the carving of the rocky moon, chosen for its cold and not molten core, orbiting far from the Sun therefore less unexposed to the Solar wind, and where it would be possible to build trillions of deeply buried neutrino, meson particle accelerators and particle detectors by exploiting the mined rare earth mineral and other metals.

Uranium or even Helium-3 could be harvested to fuel the trillions of nuclear power plants.

Once completed by the turn of the century, this 3D printed human project leading to the Clinical Immortality could become the 8th Wonder of the World.

Nothing less in magnitude than a modern time Terracotta Warriors Wonder, or Emperor Qin Shi Huang's Quest for Immortality finally achieved.

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