Updates Chang'e 5 Lunar Sample-return Updates

Ripley

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Can some Mod unite this thread with its twin one?
 

cannon_gray

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In case the device collects lunar soil and brings it to the Earth it will be the first time since 1976. Besides, this is a great success for China.
 

Soheil_Esy

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Water on the Moon

As the Moon was considered dry and airless by the mid-19th century European astronomers, based on the absence of any observable weather, respectable scientists claimed that significant amounts of water on the Moon's surface would rapidly sublime into the vacuum. 12

But as the U.S. started to study the moon from Earth's orbit before landing directly on its surface, the confirmation of abundant water was made by 1950s.

After 1945, the simulated collisions of solar protons on planetary rocks conducted with particle accelerators in U.S. high energy physics laboratories has certainly demonstrated that water could be formed through this natural process.

No wonder this was then unofficially disclosed by selected 'leaks', made by various scientists including the Nobel prize winning chemist Harold Urey, who had predicted since the 1950s that water ice and other volatiles ought to be found in craters at the lunar poles, which are permanently in shadow.

The discovery of water in rocks brought back to Earth by the Soviet Luna-24 mission on August 1976 was confirmed, with samples also handed to the U.S. 1212

Being the only second space power in the world to have landed a fully robotic return sample mission in December 2020, China with its Chang'e-5 spacecraft has again confirmed the presence water in the lunar rocks brought back. 12

The lunar surface is exposed to solar wind protons due to a lack of a global magnetic field or dense atmosphere. The interactions between the solar wind and lunar surface have been investigated for several decades. Although most of the solar wind protons are neutralized when impacting on the lunar surface (Crider & Vondrak 2002), the in situ observations from Chang'E, Kaguya, Chandrayaan-1, and Interstellar Boundary Explorer (IBEX) missions reveal that 0.1%–1% of solar wind protons are backscattered from the lunar surface (Saito et al. 2008; Wang et al. 2010), 10%–20% are converted to energetic neutral atoms (ENAs; McComas et al. 2009; Wieser et al. 2009), and the remaining part are implanted into the lunar regolith to produce OH/H2O, as previously found for nonmagnetized regions of the surface (Li & Garrick-Bethell 2019; Wang et al. 2021).​
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Implications for life in the cosmos

As that water on the moon is mostly attributed to solar wind implantation, the implications are of the highest prime importance, meaning that the presence of water is universal wherever there is a star and a planetary system.

The same stellar wind that makes human interplanetary space travel beyond the protective magnetosphere, lethal is also the universal source of life in the cosmos.

The same stellar wind when interacting with planets covered by an atmosphere, is responsible for auroras in the thermosphere, the production of heat and light, cosmic rays, carbon-14 isotope, the seeding of clouds and electricity behind the generation of lightnings, and rain. Lightnings that are essential in the production of other organic compounds on which life is built. 12

All necessary in sustaining a living biosphere.

On the other hand, a stellar wind that strikes a rocky planet without an atmosphere and unprotected by a magnetosphere will interact directly with the rock making its surface radioactive like on the Moon and Mars. The resulting radioactive isotopes and anti-matter produced in the particle shower will also let some of the rock's molecules ionized, and once cooled down, later recombine with the solar hydrogen, producing a whole gamut of new chemical compounds, including water.

Indeed, the ingredient for water is poured continuously by stars as simple hydrogen atoms or protons in the stellar wind, throughout their planetary systems like tropical rains over rainforests. Hydrogen then reacts with oxygen in the planet surface's minerals to form water and hydroxyl. 12

The universal abundance of water in the cosmos, is now implied by the Chang'e 5 mission.

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:cool:?
 
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