Updates The Iranian Space Program Thread

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 66

Iranian Upper Stage Part 2

Two solid propellant stages Upper Stage

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10198/13921114131419933_PhotoL.jpg

▲ Model of Iranian Advanced Upper Stage made of two solid stages (center) and SUS-M upper stage (right)

http://dl.nasimonline.ir/FileRepository/archive/14-11-1392/IMAGE635270350591568708.JPG ; http://web.archive.org/web/20201231194433/http://dl.nasimonline.ir/FileRepository/archive/14-11-1392/IMAGE635270350591568708.JPG ; http://www.nasimonline.ir/Content/Detail/789944/238
▲ Close up at the Iranian Advanced Upper Stage made of two solid stages

SUS-M Upper Stage

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10314/1_28129~8.jpg ; http://media.farsnews.com/media/Uploaded/Files/Images/1392/11/14/13921114131452178_PhotoL.jpg ; http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AE%D9%88/page-28
▲ Model of an Iranian "SUS-M upper stage" made of two solid stages.

http://web.archive.org/web/20180902100241/http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/bitrix/components/bitrix/forum.interface/show_file.php?fid=30499&width=500&height=500 ; http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/bitrix/components/bitrix/forum.interface/show_file.php?fid=30499&width=500&height=500 ; http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/forum/forum12/topic12120/?PAGEN_1=4

Iranian Advanced Upper Stage's schematics

Iranian Advanced Upper Stage's model

Saman-2 Upper Stage

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10314/1_28629~4.jpg ; http://isrc.ac.ir/images/stories/events_space/1395/12/03.12.1395-isrc-001.jpg ; http://isrc.ac.ir/index.php/news/1391-08-29-22-39-13/2249-1395-12-03-12-49-56.html ; http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7-%DA%86%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87-%D8%AE%D9%88/page-28
▲ Presented as the associated new upper stage, more powerful than the previous SUS-M.

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10314/1~22.jpg ; http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-%25d9%2585%25d8%25b3%25db%258c%25d8%25b1-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2588%25d8%25b3%25d8%25b9%25d9%2587-%25d9%2581%25d9%2586%25d8%25a7%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1%25db%258c%25e2%2580%258c%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25db%258c-%25d9%2581%25d8%25b6%25d8%25a7%25db%258c%25db%258c-%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1-%25da%25a9%25d8%25b4%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1-%25d9%2585%25d8%25a7-%25da%2586%25da%25af%25d9%2588%25d9%2586%25d9%2587-%25d8%25ae%25d9%2588/?do=reportComment&comment=513151
▲ 2018 images from video animation of the Saman-2 Upper Stage made of 2 stages. Launched by Safir-3B.

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10314/6~3.jpg ; http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-%25d9%2585%25d8%25b3%25db%258c%25d8%25b1-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2588%25d8%25b3%25d8%25b9%25d9%2587-%25d9%2581%25d9%2586%25d8%25a7%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1%25db%258c%25e2%2580%258c%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25db%258c-%25d9%2581%25d8%25b6%25d8%25a7%25db%258c%25db%258c-%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1-%25da%25a9%25d8%25b4%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1-%25d9%2585%25d8%25a7-%25da%2586%25da%25af%25d9%2588%25d9%2586%25d9%2587-%25d8%25ae%25d9%2588/?do=reportComment&comment=513151
▲ 2018 images from video animation of the Saman-2 Upper Stage made of 2 stages. Launched by Safir-3B.

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10314/1~36.jpg ; http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-%25d9%2585%25d8%25b3%25db%258c%25d8%25b1-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2588%25d8%25b3%25d8%25b9%25d9%2587-%25d9%2581%25d9%2586%25d8%25a7%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1%25db%258c%25e2%2580%258c%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25db%258c-%25d9%2581%25d8%25b6%25d8%25a7%25db%258c%25db%258c-%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1-%25da%25a9%25d8%25b4%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1-%25d9%2585%25d8%25a7-%25da%2586%25da%25af%25d9%2588%25d9%2586%25d9%2587-%25d8%25ae%25d9%2588/?do=reportComment&comment=513151
▲ 2018 images from video animation of the Saman-2 Upper Stage made of 2 stages. Launched by Safir-3B.

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10314/2~25.jpg ; http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-%25d9%2585%25d8%25b3%25db%258c%25d8%25b1-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2588%25d8%25b3%25d8%25b9%25d9%2587-%25d9%2581%25d9%2586%25d8%25a7%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1%25db%258c%25e2%2580%258c%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25db%258c-%25d9%2581%25d8%25b6%25d8%25a7%25db%258c%25db%258c-%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1-%25da%25a9%25d8%25b4%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1-%25d9%2585%25d8%25a7-%25da%2586%25da%25af%25d9%2588%25d9%2586%25d9%2587-%25d8%25ae%25d9%2588/?do=reportComment&comment=513151
▲ 2018 images from video animation of the Saman-2 Upper Stage made of 2 stages. Launched by Safir-3B.

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10314/3~15.jpg ; http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-%25d9%2585%25d8%25b3%25db%258c%25d8%25b1-%25d8%25aa%25d9%2588%25d8%25b3%25d8%25b9%25d9%2587-%25d9%2581%25d9%2586%25d8%25a7%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1%25db%258c%25e2%2580%258c%25d9%2587%25d8%25a7%25db%258c-%25d9%2581%25d8%25b6%25d8%25a7%25db%258c%25db%258c-%25d8%25af%25d8%25b1-%25da%25a9%25d8%25b4%25d9%2588%25d8%25b1-%25d9%2585%25d8%25a7-%25da%2586%25da%25af%25d9%2588%25d9%2586%25d9%2587-%25d8%25ae%25d9%2588/?do=reportComment&comment=513151
▲ 2018 images from video animation of the Saman-2 Upper Stage made of 2 stages. Launched by Safir-3B.

Video
https://www.aparat.com/v/zgsl4

P-1 solid propellant engine

Qased SLV 3rd stage's engine:

https://archive.ph/NBNuM/eba77a4e0227e1f478f60dcc54c110bcdb84632e.jpg ; https://archive.ph/NBNuM/5b54188ae8ccc04576179a6b20274b048811b0ea/scr.png ;
http://web.archive.org/web/20210428190859/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/E0A6kFjWYAE3A29?format=jpg&name=large ; https://twitter.com/inbarspace/status/1387173093769089025 ; Iran Documentary Orbit-400 space program P-1 ایران مستند مدار-۴۰۰ برنامه فضایی ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URCai9icMZE&t=934s ; •Apr 26, 2021
▲ 1. Unknown rocket motor during static test fire - from new 2021 Iranian documentary on space and missiles, at T=934s (15m34s). 21m39s

https://archive.is/Njwlj/8e4e1252e87908bab002a6586a36ba9d1ae3f9a1.jpg ; https://archive.is/Njwlj/8ad68c51172aae07d2105d724be4e50c717b5a83/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210512193954/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/E0IhpdoXsAEnTyH?format=jpg&name=large ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210512194108/https://twitter.com/Pataramesh/status/1387710103927787520 ; https://archive.ph/Z8bxZ ; https://archive.ph/Z8bxZ/22f1f7d162cc541e4d8ef7aca896ad5b848084cb/scr.png ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fyNJKA-M4WM&t=62s
▲ 2. Footage of the Qased 3rd stage taken from a 2nd stage rocket cam.
Iran IRGC Qassed 3-stage SLV with Nour-1 satellite, 4-Cam on board ایران ماهواره بر قاصد/ نور-

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 67

Iranian Space Thrusters

Mono-propellant and bi-propellants thrusters

Dr. Hossein Samimi, director of the Iranian Space Research Institute, said in an interview with the institute's public relations reporter: "Engineering samples of mono-propellant and bi-propellant thrusters have been made in the Space Transportation Systems Research Institute of the Iranian Space Research Institute and have passed performance tests well."

In this interview, the director of the Iranian Space Research Institute explained that space systems such as satellites, spacecraft and satellites use special engines to move in space and control their position. In space applications, this type of engine is called a thruster. Features such as amplitude of thrust, the ability to turn on and off frequently, good controllability, and a long history of successful use in the world, have made these low-propulsion systems the most widely used thrusters in a variety of space missions.

Regarding the use of these thrusters, Dr. Samimi said: "Features such as the range of production thrust, the ability to turn on and off frequently, proper controllability and a long history of successful use in the world, has made these low-pressure systems as the most widely used thrusters in all types." Use space missions.

He noted that with the development of mono-propellant and bi-propullant truster technology, it has become possible to define a wide variety of missions for future space cargo and satellites.

The head of the Iranian Space Research Institute stated about the importance of this project: in the development of space programs in accordance with the country's space roadmap and in order to improve the mission capabilities of next generation native satellites, the development of space propulsion systems as sources of propulsion and control forces , It is essential. On the other hand, due to the high level of different technologies available in this type of thrusters, their design and development time is long. Thus, in order to meet the needs of current and future space missions, the development of this type of space subsystems, in order to upgrade the country's space product portfolio and also reduce the time of design, development and construction of space assignments, is necessary.

Regarding the background of this project, Dr. Samimi stated: The project for the development of mono-propellant and bi-propellant thrusters entered the operational phase in 2016 at the Space Transportation Systems Research Institute of the Iranian Space Research Institute, with the aim of being used in satellites in the country's space roadmap. Completion of the conceptual design phase, the design process, testing and development of this technology was on the agenda.

He continued: "Thus, the specialists of the Space Transportation Systems Research Institute succeeded in performing the steps of designing, manufacturing and testing laboratory samples of this type of thrusters. In this way, after the initial design and fabrication of technology proof samples and successful implementation of the tests in question, the development of low-thrust, mono-propellant and bi-propullant thrusters technology has been performed and the production laboratory samples have successfully passed the expected performance tests.

The head of the Iranian Space Research Institute said: "Now, the process of accurate design and construction of the engineering sample of the mentioned space thrusters has been completed and the phase tests of the laboratory environment sample or the engineering sample have been performed successfully." At this stage, the possibility of developing and exploiting the obtained products in various satellite projects of the country and upgrading their mission level has been provided.

Regarding the materials used in this structure, he said: "The materials used in the structure of double-sided thrusters are made of a special alloy of platinum with the ability to withstand very high temperatures and are resistant to wear and oxidation." Advances in state-of-the-art technology have made it possible to perform high-performance space missions. Also, to achieve momo-propellent thruster technology, nanocatalysts with the ability to withstand the physical and thermodynamic properties of products derived from fuel decomposition are required. These types of catalysts have been produced by experts in the field of nanotechnology of the Iranian Space Research Institute.

Dr. Samimi also referred to the establishment of equipped laboratories to test these thrusters and stated: Before using in space, a truster needs to go through various stages of testing and evaluation on the ground and in specialized laboratories with the ability to simulate the space environment. Therefore, it is necessary that the vacuum environment and other related characteristics are simulated in the laboratory environment in order to evaluate the performance of the system in the real environment. For this purpose, the specialists of the Iranian Space Research Institute have also provided the necessary infrastructure for testing space thrusters by setting up equipped laboratories.

https://archive.ph/OyDlG/2799589be1839762c6c3b93c8f49e66a13dfcf52.jpg ; https://archive.ph/OyDlG/4f47f4925d91f7bed3a093aaea6ca10946045e1f/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210418110259/https://isrc.ac.ir/getattachment/d88efaef-df19-41e7-bf56-7d89f7580aa0/image1.jpg?width=700&height=350
▲ 1. Design, development and construction of mono-propellant space thrusters in Iran Space Research Institute.

https://archive.ph/cQzFZ/4ef25a12d35ae2c6143db7dcaec66ca116062e58.jpg ; https://archive.ph/cQzFZ/b0d10948759a09330b64135a7975f9192f280b30/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210418110411/https://isrc.ac.ir/getattachment/0fd13110-1fc9-4a64-87b7-25d7b4462475/image2.jpg?width=700&height=398
▲ 2. Bi-propellants heat test of engineering sample in Abu Reihan Outer Laboratory of Iran Space Research Institute.

https://archive.ph/Uc9g8/b8fe763d2440210a999f7541c7c0840fab1f0f75.jpg ; https://archive.ph/Uc9g8/97def0d60d32bf84f852d2fa2b1ec8e1668e48e2/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210418110621/https://isrc.ac.ir/getattachment/a0534e23-79c2-4c77-b88d-c5c84bf46d7a/image3.jpg?width=700&height=336
▲ 3. Sample test of liquid mono-propellant thruster engineering in Abu Reihan Outer Laboratory of Iran Space Research Institute.

https://archive.ph/mFJEd/ab52445a584fc2600f9bc44968e80591f223e815.jpg ; https://archive.ph/mFJEd/5080a934661c4b331af4f5cf6264ca7a789eda95/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210418110841/https://isrc.ac.ir/getattachment/f49d8273-831a-46da-8cdd-d925eee91586/image4.jpg?width=700&height=396
▲ 4. Sample test of liquid mono-propellant thruster engineering in Abu Reihan Outer Laboratory of Iran Space Research Institute.

http://web.archive.org/web/20200921060657/http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/13411-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/?page=276
https://archive.ph/Aa9oT

March 24 2020

So far, the pilot experiments of Nahid-2 communication satellite's propulsion system engineering have been successfully performed in the Space Transportation Systems Research Institute. The propulsion engineering prototype of the Venus-2 satellite, including hydrogen peroxide monopropellant thrusters, has reached the level of technology of the engineering prototype.

https://archive.ph/5k9DR/abd7b5b2d6781c4cf2c011e2a8493910333c5880.jpg ; https://archive.ph/5k9DR/c7a07b98893b633376acafcac046716ccf8e3abb/scr.png ; http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10314/index.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20200324192247/https://newsmedia.tasnimnews.com/Tasnim/Uploaded/Image/1399/01/05/13990105145633337199764010.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20200325032355/https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1399/01/05/2229641/%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4-%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%80%D9%80-2-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84-%DA%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%B5%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7 ; https://archive.is/GAAwk
▲ 1. Propulsion subsystem of the Nahid-2 communications satellite.

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 68

Iranian stellar guidance system

Nasir-1 SAT NAV

04.06.2012 10:32:57

The K. N. Toosi University of Technology demonstrated Iran's first spacecraft designed for navigation and the provision of navigational aids in locating satellites, called Nasir-1. This spacecraft is one of the most accurate tools for navigation and the provision of navigational aids in locating satellites. Nasir-1 is installed on the satellite and is capable of using the photographing of stars, and comparing the received information with the data laid down in the medium with high accuracy and location count.

Iran's indigenously designed satellite navigation system (SAT NAV) has been manufactured to find the precise locations of satellites moving in orbit.

http://novosti-kosmonavtiki.ru/forum/forum12/topic12120/?PAGEN_1=3

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 69

Iranian manned space program

Bio capsules and Kavoshgar suborbital rockets

Iranian manned suborbital milestones

Date Time (Moscow) Mission Payload Class Launcher Space Center Altitude Remarks
XX.NOV.2006 XX:XX Kavoshgar-Class A (I) (or Explorer-1) Science A Sounding rocket M5 XX 10 km Entering the field of space probe; Failed
XX.DEC.2008 XX:XX Kavoshgar-Class B (II) Science B Sounding rocket N6 XX 40 km Successfully completed with recovery of payload
01.FEB.2010 14:00 Tehran Kavoshgar-Class B (III) Mice, turtles and worms B Biocapsule N6 XX 55 km Primary biospace research; http://www.ari.ac.ir/index.php/component/content/article/75-1390-02-21-04-01-51/198--3.html ; http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/PDF of Pioneer Project (pishgam).pdf
15.March.2011 XX:XX Kavoshgar-Class C (IV) Dummy C Biocapsule K110 XX 135 km Biocapsule test and payload recovery
07.SEP.2011 XX:XX Kavoshgar-Class C (V) Macaca mulatta C Biocapsule K110 XX 120 km The first launch of a space monkey, images and biological data transmitted; The mission was a relative success, in which data of the environment and biocapsule were transmitted to the ground. Data shows that until the landing, vital signs were acceptable (Did not survive). Failure; http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-5.html
08.SEP.2012 07:58:16 Tehran Kavoshgar-Class C (VI) Macaca mulatta C Biocapsule K110 XX 120 km Relative success and quick location of biocapsule landing site; Images and biological data received; http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-6.html ; Failed
28.JAN.2013 XX:XX Kavoshgar-Class C (Pishgam or Pioneer) Macaca mulatta C Biocapsule K110 IKSLC LC-1 120 km First Macaca mullata named Aftab (or Sunlight); http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/01/28/285996/iran-sends-living-creature-into-space/
14.DEC.2013 XX:XX Kavoshgar-7 (Pazhuhesh or Research) Macaca mulatta D Biocapsule Shahab 1 IKSLC LC-1 120 km Second Macaca mulatta named Fargam (or Auspicious); http://english.irib.ir/radioculture...n-launches-‘kavoshgar-7’-satellite-into-space

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history.html

Rich (BB code):

╔════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║                                                Iranian manned suborbital milestones                                                                ║
╠═════════════╤═════════════════╤════════════════════════╤═════════════════════════╤═══════════════════╤══════════╤══════════════╤══════════╤════════╣
║ Date        │ Time            │ Mission                │ Payload                 │ Class             │ Launcher │ Space Center │ Altitude │ Remark ║
╟─────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────╢
║ NOV 2006    │                 │ Kavoshgar-Class A (I)  │ Science                 │ A Sounding rocket │ M5       │              │ 10 km    │ [1]    ║
║             │                 │ (Explorer-1)           │                         │                   │          │              │          │        ║
╟─────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────╢
║ DEC 2008    │                 │ Kavoshgar-Class B (II) │ Science                 │ B Sounding rocket │ N6       │              │ 40 km    │ [2]    ║
╟─────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────╢
║ 01 FEB 2010 │ 14:00 Tehran    │ Kavoshgar-Class B (III)│ Mice, turtles and worms │ B Biocapsule      │ N6       │              │ 55 km    │ [3]    ║
╟─────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────╢
║ 15 MAR 2011 │                 │ Kavoshgar-Class C (IV) │ Dummy                   │ C Biocapsule      │ K110     │              │ 135 km   │ [4]    ║
╟─────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────╢
║ 07 SEP 2011 │                 │ Kavoshgar-Class C (V)  │ Macaca mulatta          │ C Biocapsule      │ K110     │              │ 120 km   │ [5]    ║
╟─────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────╢
║ 08 SEP 2012 │ 07:58:16 Tehran │ Kavoshgar-Class C (VI) │ Macaca mulatta          │ C Biocapsule      │ K110     │              │ 120 km   │ [6]    ║
╟─────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────╢
║ 28 JAN 2013 │                 │ Kavoshgar-Class C      │ Macaca mulatta          │ C Biocapsule      │ K110     │ IKSLC LC-1   │ 120 km   │ [7]    ║
║             │                 │ (Pishgam: Pioneer)     │                         │                   │          │              │          │        ║
╟─────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────╢
║ 14 DEC 2013 │                 │ Kavoshgar-7            │ Macaca mulatta          │ D Biocapsule      │ Shahab 1 │ IKSLC LC-1   │ 120 km   │ [8]    ║
║             │                 │ (Pazhuhesh: Research)  │                         │                   │          │              │          │        ║
╟─────────────┼─────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼──────────┼──────────────┼──────────┼────────╢
║ JUN 2021    │                 │ Kavoshgar-9            │ Dummy                   │                   │ Shahab 1 │ IKSLC        │          │        ║
╚═════════════╧═════════════════╧════════════════════════╧═════════════════════════╧═══════════════════╧══════════╧══════════════╧══════════╧════════╝
1. Entering the field of space probe; Failed
2. Successfully completed with recovery of payload
3. Primary biospace research; http://www.ari.ac.ir/index.php/component/content/article/75-1390-02-21-04-01-51/198--3.html;  
   http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/PDF%20of%20Pioneer%20Project%20%28pishgam%29.pdf
4. Biocapsule test and payload recovery
5. The first launch of a space monkey, images and biological data transmitted; The mission was a relative success, in which data of the environment 
   and biocapsule were transmitted to the ground. Data shows that until the landing, vital signs were acceptable (Did not survive). Failure; 
   http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-5.html
6. Relative success and quick location of biocapsule landing site; Images and biological data received;  
   http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-6.html; Failed
7. First  Macaca mullata named Aftab (or Sunlight); 
   http://web.archive.org/web/20130131095136/http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2013/01/28/285996/iran-sends-living-creature-into-space/ ; https://archive.ph/m6SVB  
8. Second Macaca mulatta named Fargam (or Auspicious); 
   http://web.archive.org/web/20131216232759/http://english.irib.ir/radioculture/sci-tech/item/171462-iran-launches-%E2%80%98kavoshgar-7%E2%80%99-satellite-into-space ; https://archive.ph/956eu

http://web.archive.org/web/20131219103926/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history.html ; https://archive.ph/aM0A2

Persian manned space program before the I.R.I.

Possibly the first image of a Persian interest in a manned space program during the monarchy era, with a visit of the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Cap Canaveral during the spring of 1962:

https://archive.ph/13giE/ca26bb0955de59a5848d846cd6a8966c3a9c0ad3.png ; https://archive.ph/13giE/c468293ee510c8b7dded12cf615a09bfad6e79b3/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210512194505/https://i.imgur.com/NKjEGab.png ; Iran Documentary Orbit-400 space program P-1 ایران مستند مدار-۴۰۰ برنامه فضایی ; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URCai9icMZE&t=100s ; •Apr 26, 2021
▲ 1. A visit of the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi to Cap Canaveral during the spring of 1962.

Shah Reza Pahlavi and Shahbanou Farah Of Iran visit NASA (1962) 6m07s
Jan 16, 2020
Motion picture covering the official state visit of the Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the Empress Farah, including welcoming ceremonies in New York City, Union Station in Washington, D.C., and visits to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) site at Cape Canaveral, Florida and the United States Capitol.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KMtLXVhdkGU&t=228s

The French manned space program path and implication for Iran

Iran presents many similarities with France. The first filter shows that Iran lacks a green light, due to its weakness in past achieved historical milestones.

Moreover, Iran's path is literally a copycat of the French one:

The suborbital biocapsule program is obviously so French in concept, that in 2013, fifty years after the flight of the cat Felicette, Iran even announced its intention to send its own cat into space next.

16th September 2013

The lead candidate for the second launch of the probe is a special breed of living cat, known as the Persian Cat, known worldwide, said the head of the Iranian Space Agency's Astronautical Systems Research Institute. The launch will be using liquid fuel until the end of this year.
Dr. Mohammad Ebrahimi said: "Any creature other than the Iranian cat has either been sent into space by other explorers in the past or is a race from other countries, including the pioneer astronaut monkey.
Some news sources cite other organisms such as mice and rabbits as the main candidate for launching the second living creature.

http://web.archive.org/web/20191221134940/https://www.mashreghnews.ir/news/249166/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-Persian-Cat-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7
http://archive.ph/ZIQTX

Obvious similarities between the Iranian and French suborbital biocapsules:

http://archive.ph/2Xygz/98f6135e8b0293e83b69b64ef9be7c35c1205c18.jpg ; https://archive.ph/2Xygz/7112af507dcaa87bd9d6da6c0882f504bf49b7e0/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20160312...073-texte_chatelier/images/page14/image15.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20160203...07-animaux/fu073-texte_chatelier/texte14.html ; http://archive.ph/untCX
▲ 10. Overview of French suborbital animal flights

http://archive.is/BvRq5/775e0c444611f506362b2e58ffe534ca740adb6b.png ; https://archive.is/BvRq5/e1c7389ba4d322dc72ac9d4928e3e8bdafe2850d/scr.png ; web.archive.org/web/20191221141720/https://i.imgur.com/kX6vXwW.png
▲ 11. Overview of Iranian suborbital animal flights

Since there is no real scientific justification behind these suborbital animal flights, more than half a century after the first one, it is only meant to be an internal and external announcement of one's future space plan. It's function is similar to the sci-fi movie production.

Therefore, it is strongly suspected that Iran will not be the next, i.e. the 4th manned spacefaring power, and that instead of waiting for its turn (11th at the earliest according to the green light list), Iran would more likely send an astronaut into space aboard a foreign spacecraft, most probably a Russian Soyuz, just like France did in 1982.

But, from the second filter, that depicts a 'positive' perception of the manned space in its nascent sci-fi movie industry, one can not rule out that Iran performs sometime in the years ahead, a joint spaceflight at the 4th place, if it accepts to take a seat in a spacecraft launched from North Korea. Taking advantage of the North Korean Green Light.

A long side biospace research project, ISA has initiated developing manned spacecraft as two strategic plans up to 2020. To this end astronautics research institute has run Kavoshgar project to develop a space laboratory in order to conduct biospace research as well as functional and environmental infrastructure for spacecraft subsystems test and development. Kavoshgar project uses the sounding rocket as a platform to accomplish its mission.

Kavoshgar project has been started since 2005 to develop the first Iranian manned spacecraft, by ARI

http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/PDF of Pioneer Project (pishgam).pdf

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 70

Kavoshgar-1

The design and construction of the first Iranian suborbital probe was completed in November 2006.
The probe was designed to transmit essential data, from launch, reentry and recovery on the ground.

The payload made of scientific research equipment to measure various environmental conditions, and equipped with telemetry data and image transmitter.

From the early moments of the mission, the probe on the launchers, operated normally, during its flight path and flight data, video telemetry system, were received at the ground station. After that, communication was cut and the probe crashed near the launch pad.

After this unfinished mission, it was decided to redesign parts of the probe including original position parts, shells, and with necessary modifications for the next launch.

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/12.09.1392-02.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170603030035im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/12.09.1392-02.png
▲ 1. Kavoshgar-1

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/12.09.1392-01.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170603082438im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/12.09.1392-01.png
▲ 2. Kavoshgar-1

http://web.archive.org/web/20131218070448/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-1.html

In the first steps, the institute launched two Kavoshgar successfully and their different subsystems such as recovery parachutes, data and video links to the grand station by radio and inertial navigation system were tested.

http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/PDF of Pioneer Project (pishgam).pdf

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 71

Kavoshgar-2

Following the failed launch of the first sounding rocket and the re-optimized subsystem, a second launch attempt occurred in December 2008. The successful launch and recovery allowed Iran to achieve for the first time high-altitude imaging from space. The probe returned safely to Earth by deploying its parachute.

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar2_1.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170603015301im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar2_1.jpg
▲ 1. First stage separation from the probe

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar2_2.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170602213243im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar2_2.jpg
▲ 2. Opening of parachute

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar2_3.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170602224015im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar2_3.jpg
▲ 3. Safe landing

http://web.archive.org/web/20131219103931/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-2.html

In the first steps, the institute launched two Kavoshgar successfully and their different subsystems such as recovery parachutes, data and video links to the grand station by radio and inertial navigation system were tested.

http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/PDF of Pioneer Project (pishgam).pdf

Video

Iran's Kavoshgar-2 lifts off for space 47s
Nov 26, 2008
Iranian Space Agency has successfully launched a second domestically-built rocket into space in line with its efforts to advance its space program. The Kavoshgar 2 (Explorer 2) rocket was launched on Wednesday, 26 November 2008. Having performed its functions, it parachuted back to earth some 40 minutes later. The rocket consisted of a carrier, space-lab and restoration system. Kavoshgar 1 had been blasted into space earlier in February, making Iran the 11th country to have acquired space-related technology.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A6NCXUlQaKg

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 72

Kavoshgar-3

Launched on 01.FEB.2010 at 14:00 Tehran Time

http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3 (5).png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20150322124803im_/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3%20(5).png
▲ 1. Kavoshgar-3

http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3 (1).png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20150322135724im_/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3%20(1).png
▲ 2. Kavoshgar-3

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar3_3.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170603023605im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar3_3.jpg
▲ 3. Kavoshgar-3

http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3 (4).png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20150322140649im_/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3%20(4).png
▲ 4. Kavoshgar-3

http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3 (2).png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20150322135020im_/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3%20%282%29.png
▲ 5. Rocket cam

http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3 (3).png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20150322185943im_/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar/kavoshgar3%20%283%29.png
▲ 6. Rocket cam

http://www.ari.ac.ir/index.php/component/content/article/75-1390-02-21-04-01-51/198--3.html

The biocapsule could carry biological compartment, small living creatures and five different class of stem cells and somatic into space. Thus, by measuring the impact and vibrations in different flight phases on the growth, mortality and function of cells, the first step in the development of biomedical research space was made.

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/99.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170602213021im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/99.jpg
▲ 7. Cells culture in the biocapsule

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/dsc05241.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170602233758im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/dsc05241.jpg
▲ 8. Preparatory steps for exposure of a Rat in the biocapsule

http://web.archive.org/web/20131219103935/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-3.html

The first sounding rocket which was used in biospace research was Kavoshgar III in class B. It launched to the space in 2010 February and successfully recovered.

This Kavoshgar carried a rat and a turtle and reached to 55 Km altitude. The weight of Kavoshgar III is about 150 Kg and its diameter is about 330 millimeters and its launcher is a solid propellant rocket. Kavoshgar III opened a new horizon to Iranian space scientists.

http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/PDF of Pioneer Project (pishgam).pdf

Video

Iran fires satellite carrier into space 2m24s
Feb 3, 2010
Iran on Tuesday test-fired the Kavoshgar 3 satellite carrier, sending its third explorer — with living organisms onboard — into space.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NU1bYO8zkQw

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 73

Kavoshgar-4

Launched on 15 March 2011, in the presence of the President

https://archive.ph/d7G0f/ed6cd94983159c4cf23ae0b072c2ce64cbd60218.jpg ; https://archive.ph/d7G0f/3c0f838bdba2fb5cb259acf711a8693318522c56/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20131106031225/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/dsc00252.jpg
▲ 1. Kavoshgar-4 before launch.

https://archive.ph/BmYjR/24829cf315724f2dbc0a2b4599b5a7c8b48f3acb.jpg ; https://archive.ph/BmYjR/8d24d157eef1d25b8af1af8c0fa18692e52980b1/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140224150453/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/dsc00411.jpg
▲ 2. Kavoshgar-4 before launch.

https://archive.ph/E4D1y/24398b1565bb317c84f5eb14d12db2c99fae1189.jpg ; https://archive.ph/E4D1y/b55be5e96b080e3059183863d41b1b5a9ca0de60/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140224162816/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/EventsSpace1390/20.jpg
▲ 3. Lift-off.

https://archive.ph/r7u1f/b99efb515435bf0afcfce04e1802a8e4dfac9e06.jpg ; https://archive.ph/r7u1f/3ac2fd9c6d2ab319f00166576c2189d873627de2/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140224143040/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar01.jpg
▲ 4. Lift-off through 4 rocket cams.

https://archive.ph/YAuan/e209140c4fd990280cbd3c5b55407b0ca61203ed.jpg ; https://archive.ph/YAuan/cf0a6387795cbae2e98855c64e59b67061daaa88/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140224160343/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar02.jpg
▲ 5. Lift-off through 4 rocket cams.

https://archive.ph/QGoWO/5af169ca3f67ff31c3a17bf1a9b9a0c3ed346ac6.jpg ; https://archive.ph/QGoWO/2dbede0f6fb6aab87bf48cb81995e7c7ff6b35c0/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140224153927/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar03.jpg
▲ 6. After first stage separation.

https://archive.ph/3Wg1t/6720e9710e864afa2a4d18f54cf515c2f86ac088.jpg ; https://archive.ph/3Wg1t/e70986dcb039d9ad549686b9cb5e7fd8a6725c9c/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140224154700/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar04.jpg
▲ 7. After opening the auxiliary parachute.

https://archive.ph/ixxbb/242653c270c13ab1b37dcea753c75afa63823241.jpg ; https://archive.ph/ixxbb/e30ab7da44ecf8fef82a8e8e6492b2aba61e0037/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140224163745/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar05.jpg
▲ 8. Biocapsule returning to Earth after the opening of the main parachute.

https://archive.ph/akITg/8284a0f00ed25978509045b0b5df9246642c7f71.jpg ; https://archive.ph/akITg/4c1f4c6d7ee48a067498653a5596f2d85d7242d8/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140224142337/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/kavoshgar06.jpg
▲ 9. Biocapsule after landing and recovery.

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar4_1.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170603032735im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar4_1.jpg
▲ 10. Dummy in good condition

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar4_3.jpg ; http://web.archive.org/web/20170603070038im_/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar4_3.jpg
▲ 11. Kavoshgar-4 after recovery

http://web.archive.org/web/20120110155422/http://www.ari.ac.ir/index.php/component/content/article/75-1390-02-21-04-01-51/197--4.html

Launch occurred on 15 March 2011

Among the important achievements of the launch:

1. The exact performance electronic systems including data and images from a height of 135 kilometers above the Earth
2. Executing reliable commands and accurate separation of the nosecone, first stage and parachute
3. Successful speed reducer and retrieval of the capsule upon return to Earth
4. Successful biological capsule and its life support systems testing
5. Simulated heartbeat and carbon dioxide emissions of a living organism
6. Successful performance of the structures and thermal coating of the return capsule
7. Management of fixed and mobile telecommunication from three ground stations at various stages of the flight with biocapsule
8. Transiting the living organism, preparing the living organism for launch, and its revival after recovery
9. Management of logistics operations in the field of the landing area

http://web.archive.org/web/20131219092809/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-4.html

The second Kavoshgar which was designed and tested based on the manned spacecraft development roadmap named Kavoshgar IV in class C.

Kavoshgar Class C was designed to carry out one of the most important steps in the roadmap of manned spacecraft development. It’s expected this class of kavoshgar to carry small animals to altitude about 125 Km, recover the payload including capsule, save and send all vital signs and environmental data to the ground stations.
To meet these requirements of mission, Kavoshgar has been equipped by a capsule which can carry Rhesus macaque, a type of monkey, to the space. This system is capable to control pressure, gas chemical composition and temperature of the capsule in the course of the mission. In addition to life support system, Kavoshgar class C takes the advantages of the life monitoring subsystem which can monitor the vital signs of the animal onboard such as heart rate and deep and surface body temperatures.

Kavoshgar Class C uses three different subsystems for tracking the payload throughout the mission to enhance recovery reliability. The tracking system is composed of INS, infra red camera and radars. This combination make tracking and recovery of the system possible.

Kavoshgar IV which was the first sounding rocket in Class C, launched and tested in 2011 March. In this test, instead of an animal, a monkey doll and life simulator were carried by capsule of Kavoshgar IV to ensure reliability of system without risk for an animal according to our ethical principles.
Kavoshgar IV reached to about 135 Km and successfully recovered. All subsystems had operated properly and met their requirements.

http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/PDF of Pioneer Project (pishgam).pdf

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 74

Kavoshgar-5

Less than six months after the successful launch of the Kavoshgar-4, a fifth biocapsule was launched aboard a solid rocket on 7 September 2011, to an altitude of 120 km with for the first time a primate. The biocapsule was designed with life support system suitable for a small primate, providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide. Environmental parameters and vital signs could be recorded.
Along the main activities for the biocapsule, preparation for desensitization and adaptation of the primate to acceleration forces, vibrations, noise and weightlessness.

The mission was a partial success, in which vital data and environmental of the biological capsule was transmitted to the ground. Received data showing that the primate lived up to the landing, with all vital signs acceptable.

https://archive.is/vt9wI/a9c0c8b7f301a9e7e38893a0864bdef235b9bb1d.jpg ; https://archive.is/vt9wI/dc96333ad4e0ca039bba7a3f4231f0cb5d6296e5/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828194207/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/5.jpg
▲ 1. Kavoshgar-5 ready to launch the launcher.

https://archive.ph/teAeB/092b2a03a94d76a5f68da973f0322b799b078138.jpg ; https://archive.ph/teAeB/c07e92ca11a2204f41894610a0aea85f3bd120f1/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828192218/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar5_3.jpg
▲ 2. Training to g-load accelerations.

https://archive.ph/TBQAi/6c4954b0cc3ec415b0ccdee992704c7335ff51ca.jpg ; https://archive.ph/TBQAi/1fadc9eb326c06529194ed701dbba59a61489ba8/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20160124163510/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar5_5.jpg
▲ 3. Training for vibrations and jolts resistance

Four cameras were mounted on the launcher, sending back video to ground stations.

https://archive.ph/447HV/28f393b50cc4ea439085a4be56dc4e50fbaead17.jpg ; https://archive.ph/447HV/e3104e8a02a3f540492d943a722ffb1264c216a9/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20160124185048/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar5_8.jpg
▲ 4. Lift-off.

https://archive.ph/5wkzU/71dcf48648ebc4c5866853540f4103d4b2501c22.jpg ; https://archive.ph/5wkzU/e5ed06c238e694cf31b5c08ae97a42cb7fbdad8c/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20160124204052/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar5_9.jpg
▲ 5. Before the separation of the nosecone.

https://archive.ph/dRCFs/e390e8114002bd98605b6496bdee13661cf74860.jpg ; https://archive.ph/dRCFs/76703fb57db902430f98ea101c633d63c2e6211b/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828193629/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar5_10.jpg
▲ 6. After the separation of the nosecone.

https://archive.ph/SP9aR/ee4eb1fab65aa794b6797902a06a4ff562cd5dca.jpg ; https://archive.ph/SP9aR/ec604b0d8b35cd5d26f786950df75644666d6b94/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20160124210209/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar5_11.jpg
▲ 7. Speed braking.

http://web.archive.org/web/20131218024840/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-5.html

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 75

Kavoshgar-6

After Kavoshgar-5, it was necessary to improve the technologies needed to send space probes.
Kavoshgar-6 was launched on 8 September 2012. Fixed and mobile ground stations were deployed at the launch site. At the moment of the launch, the performance of the mechanical, aerodynamic and electronic systems were very favorable.

The functions in the biological capsule were good all the way, so that the incoming data and video observation, showed that vital signs and heart rate were within the limit. Unexpected contingencies during the search and rescue seems to be the cause of the failure.

https://archive.ph/t5evt/2f7827f8f6a59f3e1135d7bf4dd6a18877fb70a7.jpg ; https://archive.ph/t5evt/8d6a81ef5925261650e45cfa207731c77266d9a3/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828192924/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar6_01.jpg
▲ 1. Lift-off.

https://archive.ph/7zS8c/b707efba0bd4fb795e11840e98131b895e2dec08.jpg ; https://archive.ph/7zS8c/2952fcdc68d30d397e55ca01bdd4e1407fdaafb7/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828193417/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/KAVOSHGAR/kavoshgar6_02.jpg
▲ 2. One minute of flight.

http://web.archive.org/web/20131219092812/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-6.html; https://archive.ph/pL6E4

Kavoshgar Pishgam

Key technologies developed in this project, started in 2003

Space Biomedical research
Design, construction and operation of the first bio-capsule including vital sign sensors, environmental and life support systems
Training, adaptation and preparation of animals or (desensitization and preparing the organism for spaceflight)
Engine separation and other separation's components to control the accelerations and maintain a healthy living organism
Recovery capsule carring living organism from high altitudes
Tracking and Positioning for the capsule after landing for retrieval and associated operation of logistics
The use of ablative heat shield to protect the living organism from the biocapsule's generated aerodynamic heat
Good aerodynamic design to enhance stability and reduce unwanted fluctuations in the probe in the return phase to preserve the health of the living organism
Resistant structural design for flying conditions
Electric and telecommunication probes
High reliability of the subsystem

https://archive.is/34OGB/48efbec16a99184b8394fee977868b68c6e20933.jpg ; https://archive.is/34OGB/2431f5b379a15632e69d403409403fd4b12e675a/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20131107003448/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/news1391/09.11.1391-01.jpg
▲ 3. Training for vibrations desensitization.

https://archive.ph/5RpDD/f8c0f8481dfa0debea0eb1809d140b062b2944a5.jpg ; https://archive.ph/5RpDD/03f6da33eae347b3d7e240c9ad5c929f0fb9db74/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20131106082015/http://www.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/news1391/09.11.1391-02.jpg
▲ 4. Kavoshgar Pishgam.

http://web.archive.org/web/20130228173332/http://www.ari.ac.ir/index.php/component/content/article/75-1390-02-21-04-01-51/576--qq-.html

https://archive.ph/j9WIZ/3b2e51656650106c0443c36906be2b71258c2040.jpg ; https://archive.ph/j9WIZ/a5053225325aeb09d3bee07e9037a938631a35c4/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828194527/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/33.jpg
▲ 5. First instant after launch.

https://archive.ph/jyuAh/5d7133626b90b11f2e8995bdf3e41bd096405f5a.jpg ; https://archive.ph/jyuAh/65afb34f20f636fadaeace3392154eade0489fc4/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828191248/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/img_494700.jpg
▲ 6. Aftab (or Sunlight), the first space monkey of Iran.

https://archive.ph/0a8e5/c7d70f37dc51034bd735ec05ac0089b7ede164ed.jpg ; https://archive.ph/0a8e5/60a7308706977c93fd65057714671974e66b948f/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828193347/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/27.jpg
▲ 7. Search and rescue teams.

https://archive.ph/1XJb7/0230cf9760dee97f2d6b4792bad0c8ccccb3a4c7.jpg ; https://archive.ph/1XJb7/95216330663f50a530b6439f39a2ec298e3174ad/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828192739/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/44.jpg
▲ 8. The returning biocapsule minutes after landing.

https://archive.ph/OxBQJ/d89553c119562ae602dda9631349b6e96a8b2710.jpg; https://archive.ph/OxBQJ/28af4e8e3592b6a13524d64c24ace4b6af0f0f07/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828191552/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/68.jpg
▲ 9. Biocapule recovery and preliminary examinations.

https://archive.ph/cwO6G/9f8f295fd31a055226b8dd2c404c9479e0a80ed7.jpg ; https://archive.ph/cwO6G/8834984e1be6cfff363dd8d4d72c543b64bfaa2d/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20140828193827/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/55.jpg
▲ 10. Biocapsule recovery.

http://web.archive.org/web/20131219092818/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/iran-exploration-history/kavoshgar-pishgam.html

20 February 2013

It is the first Iranian spacecraft with life support ability to carry small animal, such as monkey for biological investigation in the space.

PISHGAM includes four major subsystems, scientific payload and capsule, separation, recovering and service module. PISHGAM scientific payload and capsule are capable to control internal pressure and gas composition of the capsule atmosphere, monitor the vital signs of the carried asset. To reduce vibration and impulse effects on the monkey, PISHGAM equipped by a especial seating with designed damper to filter high frequency accelerations and impulse during the flight.
There is a video camera in the capsule to capture monkey’s face to study its response during the mission and several video cameras on the surface of PISHGAM to monitor the operational sequences of the mission visually such as separation, deployment of the parachutes and landing.

The service module consist of the flight computer, inertial navigation system and data and video radio transmitter to the grand station. All measured vital signs and monkey’s face picture in addition to extra measured scientific data and the picture of cameras on the surface of the PISHGAM sent to the ground station via radio connection.

To ensure the capability of all subsystems and their operational ability under space environment condition, each subsystem should be passed planed tests according to international standards.

Furthermore , several operational tests carried on the subsystem such as recovery to meet the required reliability. In this connection the recovery system passed several operational field test by vehicle and flight tests.

However,all preparations and requirements for safe monkey flight are considered in design and development of Pishgam there is a need to more adaptation and desensitization for monkey. For this purpose an exercise was designed and run. Three monkeys were nominated for launch after a long period of exercise, screening and monitoring under supervision of space physiologis. These exercise gradually enhanced capability of the nominated monkeys for a safe flight.

PISHGAM was launched by a solid propellant rocket and went through a parabolic suborbital flight within 720 second. Its flight sequence as shown in the picture, started by the motor burning on which increases Kavoshgar speed up to 4.5 Mach, after the motor burning out, its nose ejected to open parachute way. In the next step, the motor was separated and PISHGAM payload continued its way to ultimate altitude about 120 Km.
Before reaching to this point Caspian sea can be seen in PISHGAM external cameras.
Then PISHGAM began to free fall to the earth from the ultimate altitude and reentered to the atmosphere and its speed reached to more than 4 Mach again.

At this stage, PISHGAM was stabilized and decelerated by its aerodynamics design configuration which caused to reach to suitable speed for recovery of the payload by parachute system.

The recovery system contained two parachutes, the first was decelerator and the second was the main which decreased payload speed to lower than 8 meters per second which was appropriate for safe landing.

Video of the launch abort escape system testing
http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/Video of launching the Rocket.wmv

Video of the Pishgam flight
Duration of this video is about 5 minutes. Please be inform that the total flight duration time is about 720 s. Here we have increased the video speed except the motor separation moment which has been decreased.
http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/video of sending a monkey into outer space.wmv

http://www.pmiran.at/UNOOSA/PDF of Pioneer Project (pishgam).pdf

Video 3m51s

Iran Raw footage Kavoshgar-7 sending a monkey into space ایران کاوشگر پیشگام و پرتاب میمون به فضا
Apr 23, 2015
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Hy5AkvRGxk

Kavoshgar Pishgam flight 18 minutes Full High Quality Video - YouTube

Iran's Space Monkey Full High Quality Video
Feb 18, 2013
On-board camera
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xo-7QjxxcDg

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 76

Kavoshgar-7 Part 1

Following the successful January 2013 launch of Kavoshgar Pishgam (Explorer Pioneer), with the safe return of Aftab the first space monkey of Iran, a second space capsule mission was on the agenda. This paving the way for the manned space flight program.

The new space capsule would increase the reliability of its predecessor, and be launched with a liquid propellant rocket on Saturday 14 December 2013, from a launch pad in Semnan. The space capsule would land after 15 minutes of flight.

The most striking difference of this new Kavoshgar Pazhuhesh (Explorer Research) with the previous Kavoshgar Pishgam is the use of new liquid fuel launcher which rises less rapidly. Landing system is also upgraded, in order to greatly avoid injuries of the astronaut monkey when the capsule impacts the ground. The probe is send to an 120 km altitude, experiencing weigthlessness before landing safely after 15 minutes.

Data of the astronaut monkey recorded by sensors, and of the environment during the flight are simultaneously sent to ground stations. An additional audio channel is used for the first time.

The space capsule has a mass of 320 kg. After separation of the nose cone, it is reduced to 290 kg.

24 Azar 1392

Nose cone separation test

First stage separation test

Spacecraft recovery system test

Spacecraft recovery system test

http://hitna.ir/fa/news/12126/کاوشگر-پژوهش-با-موفقیت-پرتاب-و-بازیابی-شد

*

Electronics subsystem integration test

Three Rhesus monkeys were specially trained for desensitization and flight conditions, including accelerations, vibrations and shocks.

*

Free fall test dampening

*

Functional rocket launcher separation testing

Flight sequence requires accurate planning, but differed little bit from previous the Kavoshgar Pishgam, due to differences in rocket engine burn time.

At T+22 seconds after lift-off, the spacecraft reaches an altitude of about 5 km. 15 seconds later, it reaches supersonic speeds, the area of maximum dynamic pressure at an altitude of about 10 kilometers. Here the mechanical stresses due to the combination of speed and resistance of the Earth's atmosphere is at the highest.

As the burning engine decelerates, at this point the spacecraft reaches a 32 km altitude above the Earth with a speed of about 5.4 times the speed of sound.

The spacecraft then continues to climb above the dense atmosphere, before separating from its carrier rocket.

The spacecraft reaches an altitude of 120 km from 100 km in 100 seconds. During which it experiences weightlessness condition.

*

When the spacecraft reenters the thick layers of the atmosphere, it is stabilized by aerodynamic surfaces mounted on its chassis. It is intended to give the astronaut monkey a greater ability to withstand the shocks of the reentry.

Aerodynamic heating to more than 800°C is controlled with appropriate heat shield and coatings.

When the spacecraft is slowed to a safe speed of 800 kph at 7 km altitude, the braking parachute is first opened. The main parachute is then deployed.
In total, a combination of 4 parachutes is used in sequence: an extractor, a brake chute, a medium parachute and a large parachute.

*

After the safe and successful landing of the spacecraft, the medical team begins immediately the rapid recovery at the landing zone.

Based on positioning subsystems, the landing site is located, allowing helicopters team to be dispatched to the spot.

The first team to reach the landing point found Fargam, the second astronaut monkey of Iran, fully alert and in good health. After taking out of the capsule it was send more care and examination.

*

Healthy recovery of astronaut monkey FARGAM

*

Name Fargam (or Auspicious)
Species Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque)
Gender Male
Weight 3 kg
Age 3 years

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/introducing-astronaut.html

Code:

╔═══════════════════════════════════════════╗
║                Kavoshgar-7                ║
╠═════════╤═════════════════════════════════╣
║ Name    │ Fargam (Auspicious)             ║
╟─────────┼─────────────────────────────────╢
║ Species │ Macaca mulatta (Rhesus macaque) ║
╟─────────┼─────────────────────────────────╢
║ Gender  │ Male                            ║
╟─────────┼─────────────────────────────────╢
║ Weight  │ 3 kg                            ║
╟─────────┼─────────────────────────────────╢
║ Age     │ 3 years                         ║
╚═════════╧═════════════════════════════════╝

http://web.archive.org/web/20131219103854/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/introducing-astronaut.html
https://archive.ph/BEqAE

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 77

Kavoshgar-7 Part 2

Video of the Pazhuhesh flight

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/download/kavoshgar.mp4
http://web.archive.org/web/20160414032902/http://v.alalam.ir/news/2013/12/14/alalam_635226215689858190_25f_4x3.mp4
Video of Fargam after landing
http://v.alalam.ir/news/2013/12/14/alalam_635226215689858190_25f_4x3.mp4
http://web.archive.org/web/20160414032902/http://v.alalam.ir/news/2013/12/14/alalam_635226215689858190_25f_4x3.mp4

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/mission-exploration.html

Video

Animation, telemetry & behind-the-scenes footage of Kavoshgar-e Pazhuhesh
Feb 4, 2014
At the time of this video upload, Iran has officially launched eight probes as a prelude to its human spaceflight mission. This promo video is about the 8th kavoshgar in the series, a launch vehicle which is based on two different platforms: Shahab-1 (first stage) and Fateh-110 (payload). Inside the capsule, there is a three-year-old Rhesus monkey by the name of "Fargam". Aside from the combined flight profile animation and telemetry footage, you can also see some glimpse of what's happening behind the scenes, like for example the assembly workshop, the research labs and the CAD drawings.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9q9OQn6T0g

Full video

Full video of onboard cameras of Kavoshgar Pajuhesh rocket, from launch to landing.
Dec 16, 2013
Iran send second monkey by this rocket and retrieved it safely.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ebuy4rpiM2s

Sahab-1 space launcher and Pazhuhesh spacecraft

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/22_8508260142_L600_thumb.jpg
Shahab-1
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=1462899&page=5

*

*

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/gallery/yekparchesazi.html
http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/gallery/ghabl-az-partab.html

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 78

Landing and recovery of Pazhuhesh spacecraft

*

*

Type D space capsule as presented at the Moscow MAKS 2015 Space exhibition (reassembled)

http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/index.php/gallery/bade-partab.html

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 79

Models of Iranian sounding rockets

http://www.tasnimnews.com/en/media/...n-rouhani-visits-exhibition-of-space-industry

Kavoshgar missions and associated suborbital rockets, from left to right: Kavoshgar-Class A (I), Kavoshgar-Class B (II), Kavoshgar-Class B (III), Kavoshgar-Class C (IV), Kavoshgar-Class C (V), Kavoshgar-Class C (VI), Kavoshgar-Class C (Pishgam), Kavoshgar-Class D (VII-Pazhuhesh)

Kavoshgar-Class D spacecraft atop Shahab-1 suborbital rocket

CGI of Iranian spacecrafts

https://archive.ph/2naA0/fa95a28c71cace8f367226021b62705eb5ceec3e.jpg ; https://archive.ph/2naA0/13b8ba220e27573cc9dad9788178e4ab158394a7/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20150316034016/http://www.kavoshgar.ari.ac.ir/images/stories/img_69000.jpg
▲ 5. Kavoshgar-Class C and manned capsule.

Safir-1 orbital space launcher and associated payloads, including a subscale manned capsule

Subscale manned capsule

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 80

Iran's Suborbital Manned Launcher IRIS

Timeline

• As early as 1998, Iranian TV have reported that Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei visited a defense exhibition the same year, with Iran's first ever space launcher apparently based on the Shahab-3. The acronym IRIS (standing for Islamic Republic of Iran Space) could be read painted on it.

http://web.archive.org/web/20160213...erockets_1/Rest_World/IRIS/Gallery/IRIS_1.jpg ; https://archive.is/y8Gpn/ce687789ec3275cb242db3ddfadf1a4f8a549cad/scr.png
▲ 1. Iran's first ever space launcher apparently based on the Shahab-3 first stage as disclosed in 1998.

• Then a decade later, on the occasion of The Supreme Leader’s Inspection of Project Qaem SLV, held at the Imam Hossein University on 28 May 2010, the same space launcher could be seen again in the official logo of the IRGC’s Space Agency.

http://web.archive.org/web/20190729085107if_/http://www.mefda.ir/d/2018/11/12/4/258344.jpg ; https://archive.fo/2ywOq/31a1e748ad3cb055b1ab2a3745b21cab7503c740/scr.png ; http://www.mefda.ir/news/76400/از-ساخت-نارنجک-دستی-تا-ساخت-موشک-شهاب-سه-با-شهید-حسن-تهرانی-مقدم
▲ 2. The same space launcher can be seen in the official logo of the IRGC’s Space Agency in 2010.

• According to Iranian officials, the country's Aerospace Organization kicked off a 12-year project in 2009 to send an astronaut into space by 2021.

• In August 2010, President Ahmadinejad said Tehran had reviewed the space mission and decided to launch a manned capsule into space by 2017.

• As Iran disclosed its suborbital manned project, the same launcher reappeared for the third time, carrying an E1 spacecraft, in February 2015.

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10228/05.jpg
▲ 3. The same launcher reappeared for the third time, carrying an E1 spacecraft into a suborbital flight, in February 2015.

https://archive.fo/PKArh/2ef7fdb5343adda2c548ec1017147fab36fb9f45.jpg ; https://archive.vn/MBRpb/80b36c317b73ac7b14eed06787ffb56f30a05a5a/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20190816010736/https://i.imgur.com//ydQr5l3.jpg
▲ 4. U.S. Redstone, Iranian "IRIS" (Safir-1D), North Korean Hwasong-15.

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 81

Iran's first sub-orbital manned spacecraft E1 Part 1

Iran designing manned spacecraft able of returning astronaut to earth

TEHRAN (ISNA)- Iranian researchers are designing a manned spacecraft to return astronaut from 150-200 kilometers altitude suborbital flight.

Iran also unveiled an E1 manned spacecraft mock-up in Space Exploration Systems Research Center.

It also wants to design, test, assemble and launch E-class spacecrafts to guarantee safe return of the astronauts from space.

The spacecraft is able to carry one astronaut.

http://ipic.su/jCtK.jpg

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10307/inv-cap_c.jpg

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10307/inv-cap_esc.jpg

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10228/09.jpg

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10228/06.jpg

http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-مسیر-توسعه-فناوری‌های-فضایی-در-کشور-ما-چگونه-خو/page-14

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10228/05.jpg

http://s6.picofile.com/file/8179075476/9311v_Fazanavard_mag_Vijename.pdf.html

http://www.iranhavafaza.com/index/article/873

Iranian suborbital manned spacecraft details

16 February 2015

The suborbital manned spacecraft is made of three conical and cylindrical sections.

The nose section includes a set of recovery parachutes.

The bottom cylindrical part is a heat shield used to protect the spacraft during the atmospheric high speed reentry.

The final prototype will also include an emergency flight abort escape system, with a retro rockets separation system.

The spacecraft diameter is 1.85 m and has a height of 2.3 meters. It weighs about 1,800 kg at launch and only 1,000 kg when landing. The spacecraft can carry an astronaut and also biological and science experiment payloads.

http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/475985/111

Feb 6, 2013

Flight duration 15-30 min

http://www.mehrnews.com/en/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1809648

Iran manned spacecraft

http://ipic.su/7yt2jz.jpg
http://www.b14643.de/Spacerockets/Diverse/Kavoshgar-Capsule/Kavoshgar-9.jpg
German space enthusiast's speculative depiction of the future Iranian manned suborbital launcher

E1 manned spacecraft mock-up

Iran unveiled an E1 manned spacecraft mock-up in Space Exploration Systems Research Center

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10292/1595695.jpg
http://www.irinn.ir/sitefiles/13931128/البوم/متنی/متنی 6/روحانی 1.jpg
http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-مسیر-توسعه-فناوری‌های-فضایی-در-کشور-ما-چگونه-خو/page-12

http://irinn.ir/sitefiles/13931128/علمی/نمایشگاه8.jpg

http://gallery.military.ir/albums/userpics/10292/139311281315017064767244.jpg
http://irinn.ir/sitefiles/13931128/علمی/نمایشگاه8.jpg
http://www.military.ir/forums/topic/22141-مسیر-توسعه-فناوری‌های-فضایی-در-کشور-ما-چگونه-خو/page-12

An overview of the new generation Iranian manned spacecraft

Video

Iran exhibition achievements and research in Space technology نمایشگاه دستاوردهای فضایی- YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2za9k8P1VMQ

Iran designed manned spacecraft able of returning astronauts to Earth - YouTube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5k5AFNyff30

And latest images from IRIB1 video, published on Jul 24, 2016

Iran IRIB1 report stages & development of manned space program- YouTube
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UZl3fz9PNWg
At t=1m20s Iranian E1 manned suborbital spacecraft

http://ipic.su/7yrhsb.jpg
New E1 manned suborbital spacecraft

http://ipic.su/7yrhsc.jpg
Left: New 2016 version of Iran's E1 manned suborbital spacecraft; Right: older 2015 version of E1 mockup

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 82

Iran's first sub-orbital manned spacecraft E1 Part 2

Overview of major milestones

Iran develops ‘conceptual model’ of spacecraft

5/12/2014

The spacecraft has a mass of 300 to 500 Kg.

http://en.mehrnews.com/detail/News/102841

Iranian scientists succeeded in developing spaceship heat shield...

2015/02/28

Fields of Research:
Ceramics, Refractories, Raw Materials, Advanced Ceramics.

http://www.gooyait.com/1393/12/09/iranian-researchers-were-able-to-build-a-thermal-shield.html

Laboratorial Production of High-Temperature Ceramic Nanofibers in Iran

Thu Aug 06, 2015 3:45

Researchers at Space Transportation System Department of Iran's Space Research Center succeeded in the laboratorial production of ceramic nanofibers made of cheap and biocompatible raw materials with very high melting point.

Today, there is a need for a type of material that is resistant to temperatures higher than 2,000°C for a long time in addition to having the ability to work at oxide and corrosive atmospheres in the production of thermal shields, cutting devices, turbines, melting bushes and storage of molten metals.

Nanofibers have advantages over nanoparticles, including perfect resistance to severe thermal shock, higher ability to endure dynamic load, and higher fracture toughness. Therefore, the researchers tried to synthesize zirconium diboride as a high temperature ceramic with nanofibrous structure.

There are different methods to synthesize zirconium diboride such as solid-state reaction, electrochemical reaction and mechanical methods. However, there are some problems in the production of these materials, including high temperature of synthesis, long production time, low purity and relatively large particle size.

In this research, zirconium diboride nanofibers were synthesized by using a gel containing raw materials and molecular dimensions and by electrospinning of the produced sol through carbothermal reduction. Cheap and eco-friendly raw materials have been used in the production of the nanofibers. The application of cheap precursors without the need for pre-preparation and reducing the temperature of thermal processing decrease the cost and pollution during the synthesis.

Results of the research have been published in Ceramics International, vol. 41, issue 5, 2015, pp. 6905-6911.

http://english.farsnews.com/newstext.aspx?nn=13940515000144

Mon 5 Oct 2015

Head of Iran’s Aerospace Research Center Fathollah Ommi said that the project of sending human being to space had made a 30 percent progress.

http://www.isna.ir/en/news/94071308515/Two-Iranian-rockets-ready-to-be-launched

Iran announces sending a man into space next year

94/07/22

this project has made a 40% progress, and will be able to send a man into space by next year.

http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13940722001114

On 15th October 2003, China became only the third country in the world to put its own astronaut into space.

Plans to launch next year an E1 manned spaceship --unveiled in 2015-- could make Iran the fourth world power to develop manned spaceflight capability, if it so desires.

India as the other most serious contender for the fourth place, pretending to throw in the towel on manned space race in a last face-saving attempt thus leaving the field to Iran!? Beware gaganauts, for even the most coveted fifth place might become out of Bharat reach, as North Korea is developing far more advanced space technologies than Iran!

Manned mission not a priority: Isro chief

Nov 7, 2015, 04.48 PM IST

Kumar said it would be a difficult task to give any time line for human spaceflight programme in the country. ... The agency is currently in the stage of "critical technology development" for the human spaceflight mission, he said....the future of the manned programme would depend on government clearance for it. "Of course, the government has to give its clearance. Lots of investment is required for it," he said.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/...-priority-Isro-chief/articleshow/49701431.cms

India’s manned space mission, not in near future … or never?

Dec 4, 2015, 04.00 AM IST

Even if Centre okayed it now, it would take many years for mission to materialise; Institute of Aerospace Medicine remains clueless about training facility for astronauts
...
the much-touted manned space mission of India will not take place in the near future - not in 2017 as was expected; not even by 2021 as reported recently. In fact, with the prolonged delays, there is a fair chance that the mission may not take off at all.
...
While the mission's budget has not found its place in the 12th Five Year Plan (2012-2017) -as the Centre's nod is still awaited - the Human Space Flight (HSF) programme will be pushed to only after the 13th Five Year Plan (2017-2022).
...
"As of now, the Human Space Flight programme is not a priority for us. It is not on our prime list. We are only focussing on developing critical technologies that would be required for the mission. We are in no hurry at all,"
...
However, with the prolonged delays, the space scientists are also bracing for the mission not to take off at all, but are not saying so openly at present. They feel ultimately it may be preferred to send Indian astronauts on board US or Russian launchers for deep-space missions rather than send them on indigenous ones.

http://www.bangaloremirror.com/bang...near-future-or-never/articleshow/50034034.cms

Manned Space Plan Shelved, ISRO Gears Up for Robotic Mission Instead

17th January 2016

Even as India’s human space flight mission has been put on hold, the country is working hard to send a robotic mission to space.
...
The larger question would be about the real need to put a man on the flight. Is it for prestige or is there a need?
...
The project has received minuscule funding from the central government in the general budget over the past three years.
...
Somanath said sending humans to space may not reap any tangible benefits. Despite a lukewarm response from government, the ISRO has been working to design different technologies required for human space flight.

http://www.newindianexpress.com/nat...Mission-Instead/2016/01/17/article3230473.ece

Originally, it was planned for 2015.

India plans manned space mission by 2015

27.09.2007

A top scientist said Thursday that India planned a manned space mission by 2015, using indigenous systems and technology.

However, there was no immediate plan to send a manned mission to the moon as that required a very powerful rocket system, Nair said on the sidelines of an international astronautical conference being held in the southern Indian city of Hyderabad.

"We are trying to develop the technologies which are required for sending a man to space ... If everything goes all right we will be able to have a manned mission wherein an astronaut will be orbiting the earth within eight years," he said.

http://www.pravdareport.com/news/world/27-09-2007/97820-india_mission-0/

So, the competition is now between Iran and North Korea!

And Iran was practically hardware ready by 2016:

Iranian milestones as of 2016

• Several suborbital flights with living animals

• Designing, construction and testing the first generation of suborbital manned spacecraft

• Telemetry conceptual design for the altitude of 250 km

• Designing, manufacturing and testing the recovery system for a 500 kg payload.

• Dynamic analysis of the astronaut’s body for suborbital spaceflights

• Conceptual design of an orbiting spacecraft carrying a human

http://www.ari.ac.ir/index.php/en/research
http://archive.is/lgnrR

But as stated previously, Iran is now following the more conservative approach of China, with 4 uncrewed missions before the first manned attempt, and only for a least risky suborbital flight.

This, while India's approach will be the most risky among all the space powers, with only 2 uncrewed missions before the first manned attempt, and an orbital one!

Not difficult to predict that with India's past safety record and success rate, this nation will either have to delay the launch date of its first crewed flight, and schedule more uncrewed missions, or... face a most unpleasant accident.

Clarification

Dec 10, 2019

Meanwhile India will attempt to launch its first vyomanaut by December 2021. Only after 2 unmanned flights.

Keeping in mind that China took 4 Shenzhou flights before risking a human flight, that the U.S. waited more than 4 launches of Mercury-Redstone before risking an astronaut, and that the Soviet Union even waited 7 Korabl-Sputnik launches before the first manned Vostok flight.

And the Indian GSLV Mk-III launcher is not yet a human rated one as of 2019. While the Gaganyaan space capsule is undergoing a major total overhaul, with the import from Russia of new window, seats and even spacesuits.

This obviously heedless and most risky approach by ISRO could well end up like the previously most infamous Vikram lunar landing gamble, that crashed helplessly on the lunar surface last 7th September 2019!

But this time with a much more serious national state funeral.

You have been warned!

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 83

Chinese Project 714 Shuguang-1 spacecraft

N_Molson;501800 said:
Interesting, a modern Mercury.

Actually it looks more like the cancelled 1968 Chinese Project 714 Shuguang-1 spacecraft and its unmanned FSW version

Compared to the Chinese Shuguang-1 (Dawn One) manned spacecraft (code-named Project 714):

https://archive.vn/ErbjG/d1acbc4f6e375bda584cf2ef255d019faab33ed5.jpg; https://archive.vn/ErbjG/e723dd9a0e5cf18563ff99dbde5794feaed1d12d/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20201110202729/http://ipic.su/jGLT.jpg
▲ 4. The Shuguang-1 (Dawn One) manned spacecraft (code-named Project 714) was piloted by two astronauts and had a maximum flight time of eight days. It was planned to launch an unmanned spacecraft in 1973 and a manned spacecraft in 1974. The Shuguang-1 was launched by the Dongfeng-6 Orbiting Missile.
From left to right, started in 1967, the Chinese "Project 714" Shuguang-1 manned space capsule scaled model, spacesuit and life supporting system.

https://sinodefence.files.wordpress.com/2014/06/1034591458-2.jpg

Integration of the recoverable capsule service module

Recovery of the capsule

Soviet OGCh 8F021 orbiting warhead

Compared to the Soviet OGCh 1'700 kg 8F021 orbiting warhead。

https://archive.vn/hrqCf/324b951c20607e5490e2745a7b6bd6e491a17196.jpghttps://archive.vn/hrqCf/571f4a3a9d00d086d5a1e00a552da275b7eb2db0/scr.pnghttps://archive.vn/hrqCf/571f4a3a9d00d086d5a1e00a552da275b7eb2db0/scr.png http://web.archive.org/web/20201108185907/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/images/r36_warhead_B_2.jpghttp://web.archive.org/web/20201108190153/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r36.htmlhttp://web.archive.org/web/20201108190153/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/r36.html _
▲ 3. The 1'700 kg 8F021 orbiting warhead had the Soviet acronym OGCh。

North Korean manned spacecraft

Obviously as different from the Iranian Kavoshgar-10 capsule as the Paektusan-1 SLV was different from Iran's Safir-1 SLV!

As depicted back in 2017, from a mysterious Japanese account possibly related to Chongryon.

https://archive.ph/ActC5/2981e9cfc470149bf4e75146398aa4c1f15fdb09.jpg ; https://archive.ph/ActC5/b0fefd7a7dd16b82d867ed4d6fd10ee7624229b2/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20210401133125/https://i.imgur.com/mGaCr6i.jpg ; https://archive.ph/mDSt4/842e3de1085a41a1b8569bc61170b23b79d24119/scr.png ; https://archive.ph/mDSt4 ; https://i.pximg.net/img-original/img/2017/05/03/13/58/20/62711716_p0.jpg ; https://www.pixiv.net/en/artworks/62711716
▲ 2. North Korean manned spacecraft: 朝鲜飞船. May 3, 2017 6:58 AM

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 84

Kavoshgar-9 Part 1

How it started

12:37 AM - 24 Jan 2021

https://twitter.com/i/web/status/1353260686990860288

Iran's space agency (ISA) chief Morteza Barari (@barari_ir) said that the manned space capsule developed by Iran Aerospace Research Institute (ARI) will be delivered to ISA by February 2021 and would be ready for sub-orbital launch by June.

https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031144/https://twitter.com/barari_ir/status/1353260686990860288
https://archive.vn/DjOAt

https://archive.vn/iqOTv/5e7c647406ba4a5206c6ed30476831ea9ef83be1.jpg ; https://archive.vn/iqOTv/8a9d8dbdfc197a2593e9291ef852810e56a2b77c/scr.png ; https://web.archive.org/web/20210125031159/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ese_a74XcAArcdB?format=jpg&name=small ; https://twitter.com/barari_ir/status/1353260686990860288
▲ 3. Older drawing of the Iranian E1 manned space capsule.

https://archive.is/tEh0J/bccd82e269b4322a536d7d6bac20cccd55bbc086.jpg ; https://archive.is/tEh0J/a3d4371185b7c3379b17b3a8a0aa292f7c339d64/scr.png ; https://web.archive.org/web/20210125201943/https://i.imgur.com/HYrP2IU.jpg
▲ 2. Schematics of the sub-orbital flight mission of Iran's space agency (ISA) manned space capsule developed by Iran Aerospace Research Institute (ARI).

https://archive.fo/PKArh/2ef7fdb5343adda2c548ec1017147fab36fb9f45.jpg ; https://archive.vn/MBRpb/80b36c317b73ac7b14eed06787ffb56f30a05a5a/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20190816010736/https://i.imgur.com//ydQr5l3.jpg
▲ 3. U.S. Mercury-Redstone vs Iranian Safir-1D-E1, and North Korean Hwasong-15-E1.

https://archive.vn/ZMV2m/1722c37be6c724c110e54b0896703914ad1ca5f3.jpg ; https://archive.vn/ZMV2m/4abcb58c99e70089537bbf2561318ccc3a165677/scr.png ; http://web.archive.org/web/20200922221456/https://i.imgur.com/2rK6Xri.jpg
▲ 4. Compare with the Indian sub-orbital launcher (TV).

I am ready to be the first Iranian in space: Ahmadinejad

TEHRAN, Feb. 4, 2013 (MNA) – Iran's president said on the sidelines of a visit to the exhibition of space achievements and said; “sending living things to space is the result of Iranian efforts and dedication of thousands of Iranian professional scientists.”

Ahmadinejad remembered martyr Tehrani Moghadam and said; “I am ready to be the first human to be sent to space by Iranian scientists,” and continued that devil enemy are worried about the progress of the Iranian nation in all scientific fields and it leave no more room for their predatory tactics to loot Iranian resources.

Ahmadinejad asserted that “ launching Zohreh satellite, to be deployed in 36,000Km orbit, and Simorgh (Phoenix) , to be deployed in 700Km orbit, takes time, since tests should be carried out; Iranian young scientists strictly follow their job.”

He called Iranian experts for a consideration of sabotage by the enemies, and that “we should admit that some [powers] do not tolerate Iranian greatness and growth. Iranians has incited devils’ hatred by Iranian idealism, perfectionism, and being human.”

https://archive.ph/WJ7ZF/1406361b7843c426c78e9cd1c4a087e011062a7d.jpg ; https://archive.ph/WJ7ZF/d1edddfb20a0ae9189ca46a49bd2bf51a01ada2f/scr.png ; http://static.hypercomments.com/data/images2/guest/1491985747695202 ; https://archive.fo/hEfgs/25d0b9b25e3c496c2bc4b78ea23d355e0e482d55.jpg ; http://static.hypercomments.com/data/images2/guest/1491985747695202 ; https://www.mehrnews.com/en/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1808372
▲ 1. President Ahmadinejad ready to be the first Iranian in space!

https://web.archive.org/web/20130207160154/https://www.mehrnews.com/en/newsdetail.aspx?NewsID=1808372
https://archive.vn/5TVk5

Would Modiji dare to follow Ahmadinejad-jan and offer his person to the Indian scientists? ?

The 4 milestones leading to the orbital manned flight

The Iranian suborbital flight is not an extravagant project on the contrary, but a small step in preparation for the long term manned space endeavour.

The manned sub-orbital launch of the Iranian E1 capsule by the Safir-1D test vehicle will be the 3rd among 4 major milestones necessary before the final orbital manned flight could be attempted by 2024.

Each are incrementally more complex in preparation for the orbital flight.

✔ • Air Drop Tests: to validate the overall aerodynamics of the capsule in free fall, test the parachutes opening sequence made of 2 drogue chutes then the main parachute, plus the back-up set of parachutes; test the g-load and resistance of the all structures upon impact with the ground, especially the impact attenuation seat and its passenger

✔ • Pad Abort Test: launch abort escape system from the ground level, its separation from the capsule, opening sequence of the parachutes

✗ • Suborbital Test Vehicle: to test a spacecraft separation from the carrier rocket, the life support system providing oxygen and controlling the humidity, CO2 level, pressure and temperature inside the capsule, an the ablative heat shield, coordination of the Search And Rescue Team

✗ • First unmanned orbital flight: with an added orbital injection by the Sarir-1C launch vehicle of the spacecraft (F1: Fazanavard-1), and its controlled de-orbiting, tracking telemetry and control over an entire earth orbit, Search And Rescue Team over land with choppers and vessels covering the Persian Gulf and the Indian Ocean

https://archive.is/fombi/c8da630b242c80ec0298356b864df0f7b78eece2.jpg ; https://archive.is/fombi/ed0db6baf46d3a29910a3b38808c9eb915c0c333/scr.png ; https://web.archive.org/web/20210126191052/https://i.imgur.com/tHIWWcX.jpg
▲ 1. The 4 main milestones incrementally more complex in preparation for the orbital manned flight.

Expect the public disclosure probably during the Bahman 22 celebration week (11th February 2021), of pictures and videos related to the Step 1 (Air Drop Tests) and 2 (Pad Abort Test) already completed in secrecy last year.

Remember, the first suborbital test launch of the Qased space launcher was conducted in secrecy on 19th April 2019, one year before the official 22th April 2020 launch that placed the Nour-1 satellite into LEO.

https://web.archive.org/web/20201111114139/https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1399/08/21/2387289/%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%84-%DA%A9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%87-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85-%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%87
https://archive.vn/uo3JT

As previously accessed, the official confirmation from Iranian media that 2 suborbital flights will be conducted by June 2021!

۱۵ بهمن ۱۳۹۹،‏ ۶:۰۵

To consolidate the space achievements in LEO, it is expected that by the end of the Rouhani government, we will conduct 6 orbital launches (in the 500 km orbit) and 2 sub-orbital launches.

http://web.archive.org/web/20210203110321/https://www.mehrnews.com/news/5137377/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%88-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%88%D9%85%D9%87-%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C
https://archive.vn/L95Qt

Feb 3, 2021

Iran Aerospace Research Institute chief Omi: Plan to send an astronaut into space has been delayed for 6 years “since the project was halted for years. The project was restarted last year.”
The launch was planned for 2025, been rescheduled for 2031.

Iran Aerospace Research Institute chief: “In past 7 months, ARI built space capsule Kavoshgar-9. It will be tested in Fajr Decade [ends on Feb10]… It is similar to capsule US used in 1959 in sub-orbital crewed spaceflight.”
Specs: 500kg, 2m length, internal volume 125*80cm.

It is 75% size of the final manned-rated capsule.

"According to international standards for sending humans into space, at least 5 successful launches must be made.

We will have a dummy in it, and after 5 successful tests, we will prepare the main capsule with a length of 2 meters and a diameter of 1.5 meters for human launch.

Iran Aerospace Research Institute chief: [Government] has invested 20 billion IRR ($82k) in Kavoshgar-9, only covering a part of 66 billion IRR ($272k) spent on the project.
The internal volume of the capsules will be increased to 2*1.5 m after tests for the crewed flight.

http://web.archive.org/web/20210203124318/https://snn.ir/fa/news/909871/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84-%DB%B1%DB%B4%DB%B1%DB%B0
http://web.archive.org/web/20210203123602/https://twitter.com/KhosroKalbasi/status/1356928269107494913
https://archive.vn/BMjz1
https://archive.vn/QQx4O

Soheil_Esy · Apr 30, 2021

Part 85

Kavoshgar-9 Part 2

World's Manned Space Race For The 4th Place

Mission	Launch date	Altitude	Crew	Spacecraft	Launcher
Iran 1	First half of 2021	Suborbital 190 km	Dummy	E1	Safir-1D
Iran 2	Mid-2021	Suborbital 190 km	Dummy	E1	Safir-1D
India 1	December 2021	Orbital flight	Dummy	Gaganyaan-1	GSLV-MK3
Iran 3	First half of 2022	Suborbital 190 km	Dummy	E1	Safir-1D
North Korea 1	April 2022 Kim Jong Un 10th Anniversary as Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea Chairman of the Central Military Commission Chairman of the State Affairs Commission Korean People's Army Marshal Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces	Suborbital 190 km	North Korean first astronaut	E1	Hwasong-15E1
Iran 4	Mid-2022	Suborbital 190 km	Dummy	E1	Safir-1D
India 2	June 2022	Orbital flight	Dummy	Gaganyaan-2	GSLV-MK3
India 3	2022 Indian Republic 75 years of Independence	Orbital flight	Indian First crew of astronauts	Gaganyaan-3	GSLV-MK3
Iran 5	11 February 2023 Anniversary of the Islamic Revolution Victory (Shanbeh, 22 Bahman 1401)	Suborbital 190 km	Iran's first astronaut	E1	Safir-1D
Iran 6	2024	Orbital flight 220 km	Dummy	E2？	Sarir-1C？
North Korea 2	2024	Orbital flight 220 km	North Korean first Orbital flight	E2？	Unha-9E2
Japan 1	2025	Suborbital flight 100 km	Japanese first indigenous crewed flight	NA	Pegasus
North Korea 3	2025	Orbital flight 220 km	North Korean first space walk	E2？	Unha-9E2
North Korea 4	2029	Orbital flight 350 km	North Korean first crew of 3 astronauts	F1？	Unha-XF1
Iran X	2031	Orbital flight 220 km	Iran's first orbital astronaut	E2？	Sarir-1C？

Rich (BB code):

╔═════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╗
║                                      World's Manned Space Race For The 4th Place                                                    ║
╠═══════════════╤═══════════════════════════════════════════════╤═══════════════════╤════════════════════╤═════════════╤══════════════╣
║ Mission       │ Launch date                                   │ Altitude          │ Crew               │ Spacecraft  │ Launcher     ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ Iran 1        │ First half of 2021                            │ Suborbital        │ Dummy              │ E1          │ Safir-1D     ║
║               │                                               │ 190 km            │                    │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ Iran 2        │ Mid-2021                                      │ Suborbital        │ Dummy              │ E1          │ Safir-1D     ║
║               │                                               │ 190 km            │                    │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ India 1       │ December 2021                                 │ Orbital flight    │ Dummy              │ Gaganyaan-1 │ GSLV-MK3     ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ Iran 3        │ First half of 2022                            │ Suborbital        │                    │ E1          │ Safir-1D     ║
║               │                                               │ 190 km            │                    │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ North Korea 1 │ April 2022                                    │ Suborbital        │ North Korean first │ E1          │ Hwasong-15E1 ║
║               │ Kim Jong Un 10th Anniversary as               │ 190 km            │ astronaut          │             │              ║
║               │ Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea       │                   │                    │             │              ║
║               │ Chairman of the Central Military Commission   │                   │                    │             │              ║
║               │ Chairman of the State Affairs Commission      │                   │                    │             │              ║
║               │ Korean People's Army Marshal                  │                   │                    │             │              ║
║               │ Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces         │                   │                    │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ Iran 4        │ Mid-2022                                      │ Suborbital        │ Dummy              │ E1          │ Safir-1D     ║
║               │                                               │ 190 km            │                    │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ India 2       │ June 2022                                     │ Orbital flight    │ Dummy              │ Gaganyaan-2 │ GSLV-MK3     ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ India 3       │ 2022                                          │ Orbital flight    │ Indian first       │ Gaganyaan-3 │ GSLV-MK3     ║
║               │ Indian Republic 75 years of Independence      │                   │ crew of astronauts │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ Iran 5        │ 11 February 2023                              │ Suborbital 190 km │ Iran's first       │ E1          │ Safir-1D     ║
║               │ Anniversary of the Islamic Revolution Victory │                   │ astronaut          │             │              ║
║               │ (Shanbeh, 22 Bahman 1401)                     │                   │                    │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ Iran 6        │ 2024                                          │ Orbital flight    │ Dummy              │ E2?         │ Sarir-1C?    ║
║               │                                               │ 220 km            │                    │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ North Korea 2 │ 2024                                          │ Orbital flight    │ North Korean first │ E2?         │ Unha-9E2?    ║
║               │                                               │ 220 km            │ Orbital flight     │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ Japan 1       │ 2025                                          │ Suborbital flight │ Japanese first     │             │ Pegasus      ║
║               │                                               │ 100 km            │ crewed flight      │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ North Korea 3 │ 2025                                          │ Orbital flight    │ North Korean first │ E2?         │ Unha-9E2?    ║
║               │                                               │ 220 km            │ space walk         │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ North Korea 4 │ 2029                                          │ Orbital flight    │ North Korean first │ F1?         │ Unha-XF1?    ║
║               │                                               │ 350 km            │ crew of 3          │             │              ║
╟───────────────┼───────────────────────────────────────────────┼───────────────────┼────────────────────┼─────────────┼──────────────╢
║ Iran X        │ 2031                                          │ Orbital flight    │ Iran's first       │ E2?         │ Sarir-1C?    ║
║               │                                               │ 220 km            │ orbital astronaut  │             │              ║
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Latest image, confirmed as the capsule to be flown for the Kavoshgar-9 mission.

https://archive.vn/QVglG/17962db05ebaacf46fea8da19ef91e64a519bc98.jpg ; https://archive.vn/QVglG/48d93d86feca9c6ac0f7eaf59f0108a3dde71e02/scr.png ; https://web.archive.org/web/20210204103649/https://i.imgur.com/gaxbHtT.jpg
▲ 1. The capsule for the Kavoshgar-9 mission. February 2021.

Updates The Iranian Space Program Thread

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